J Food Bioact

Journal of Food Bioactives, ISSN 2637-8752 print, 2637-8779 online

Journal website www.isnff-jfb.com

Original Research

Volume 30, June 2025, pages 47-56

The effect of L-carnitine and catechin together with calories restriction on the reduction of body fat and blood lipids

Figure 1. The effect of supplement on the survival rate of a) 3T3-L1 preadipocytes; b) 3T3-L1 mature adipocytes. Values are expressed as mean ± SD

Figure 2. The effect of supplement on 3T3-L1 mature adipocyte cell stained by the oil-red staining microscopic view at 400X magnification.

Figure 3. The effect of supplement on the lipid accumulation of 3T3-L1 mature adipocyte. Cell value is expressed as mean ± SD, Different superscript letters show significant difference (p < 0.05)

**Table 1.** Baseline subject’s characteristic
	Control group (n = 15)	Supplement group (n = 15)
Average age and height data represent as Mean ± SD for each group.
Gender
Male	6	6
Female	9	9
Age (years)
20–29	3	4
30–39	3	3
40–49	4	3
50–59	4	3
60 above	1	2
Average age	43.60 ± 15.02	41.13 ± 15.65
Height (cm)	164.53 ± 9.23	164.20 ± 8.87

Table 1. Baseline subject’s characteristic

Control group (n = 15)

Supplement group (n = 15)

Average age and height data represent as Mean ± SD for each group.

Gender

Male

Female

Age (years)

20–29

30–39

40–49

50–59

60 above

Average age

43.60 ± 15.02

41.13 ± 15.65

Height (cm)

164.53 ± 9.23

164.20 ± 8.87

**Table 2.** Change of calories and macronutrients intake of subjects over time
	Week 0	Week 4	Week 8	Week 12	Follow-up
Values are expressed as Mean ± SD. *Significant difference (p < 0.05) compared with week 0 within the same group.
Total energy (Kcal)
Control group	1,883.03 ± 429.18	1,617.23 ± 551.72*	1,656.73 ± 652.35*	1,650.52 ± 723.26*	1,629.54 ± 555.82*
Supplement group	1,922.27 ± 608.06	1,684.00 ± 454.24*	1,657.87 ± 348.50*	1,630.34 ± 329.81*	1,622.76 ± 419.98*
Protein (%)
Control group	16.10 ± 1.92	17.55 ± 4.20	17.65 ± 3.96	17.58 ± 3.10	17.59 ± 2.63
Supplement group	16.20 ± 2.15	17.48 ± 3.08	17.40 ± 3.21	17.09 ± 2.78	16.92 ± 3.29
Lipid (%)
Control group	39.07 ± 9.22	41.30 ± 10.96	40.67 ± 10.34	39.50 ± 7.77	38.08 ± 7.59
Supplement group	38.88 ± 8.25	39.23 ± 8.24	40.62 ± 7.18	41.83 ± 6.88	39.88 ± 8.04
Carbohydrate(%)
Control group	42.57 ± 10.55	38.30 ± 12.68*	39.30 ± 10.56*	40.88 ± 9.01*	42.29 ± 9.21*
Supplement group	42.91 ± 8.42	41.23 ± 8.54*	40.01 ± 9.01*	39.11 ± 8.11*	41.20 ± 9.44*

Table 2. Change of calories and macronutrients intake of subjects over time

Week 0

Week 4

Week 8

Week 12

Follow-up

Values are expressed as Mean ± SD. *Significant difference (p < 0.05) compared with week 0 within the same group.

Total energy (Kcal)

Control group

1,883.03 ± 429.18

1,617.23 ± 551.72*

1,656.73 ± 652.35*

1,650.52 ± 723.26*

1,629.54 ± 555.82*

Supplement group

1,922.27 ± 608.06

1,684.00 ± 454.24*

1,657.87 ± 348.50*

1,630.34 ± 329.81*

1,622.76 ± 419.98*

Protein (%)

Control group

16.10 ± 1.92

17.55 ± 4.20

17.65 ± 3.96

17.58 ± 3.10

17.59 ± 2.63

Supplement group

16.20 ± 2.15

17.48 ± 3.08

17.40 ± 3.21

17.09 ± 2.78

16.92 ± 3.29

Lipid (%)

Control group

39.07 ± 9.22

41.30 ± 10.96

40.67 ± 10.34

39.50 ± 7.77

38.08 ± 7.59

Supplement group

38.88 ± 8.25

39.23 ± 8.24

40.62 ± 7.18

41.83 ± 6.88

39.88 ± 8.04

Carbohydrate(%)

Control group

42.57 ± 10.55

38.30 ± 12.68*

39.30 ± 10.56*

40.88 ± 9.01*

42.29 ± 9.21*

Supplement group

42.91 ± 8.42

41.23 ± 8.54*

40.01 ± 9.01*

39.11 ± 8.11*

41.20 ± 9.44*

**Table 3.** Change of anthopometric measurements in subjects
	Week 0	Week 4	Week 8	Week 12	Follow-up
Values are expressed as Mean ± SD. Significant difference when compared with week 0 within the same group, p < 0.05 *Significant difference when compared with week 0 within the same group, p < 0.01. Different superscript letters are significantly other among the groups in the Δ value with Week 0 (p < 0.05). WC: Waist circumference; HC: Hip circumference; MAMC: Mid-arm muscle circumference; TSF: Triceps skin fold.
Body weight (kg)
Control group	80.99 ± 13.54	80.15 ± 13.24*	79.71 ± 12.85*	79.69 ± 13.78**	79.89 ± 13.66*
Supplement group	79.35 ± 14.84	78.75 ± 14.78**	78.49 ± 14.57**	78.46 ± 14.62**	77.98 ± 14.36**
ΔBody weight (kg)
Control group		−0.85 ± 1.27^A	−1.29 ± 1.93^A	−1.31 ± 1.47^AB	−1.10 ± 1.49^A
Supplement group		−0.60 ± 0.73^A	−0.87 ± 0.97^A	−0.89 ± 0.84^B	−1.37 ± 2.66^A
BMI (kg/m²)
Control group	29.76 ± 2.57	29.42 ± 2.50*	29.29 ± 2.45*	29.27 ± 2.64**	29.34 ± 2.62*
Supplement group	29.19 ± 3.15	28.98 ± 3.23**	28.87 ± 3.16**	28.84 ± 3.11**	28.93 ± 3.22**
ΔBMI (kg/m²)
Control group		−0.34 ± 0.50^A	−0.47 ± 0.67^A	−0.49 ± 0.57^AB	−0.42 ± 0.55^B
Supplement group		−0.21 ± 0.24^A	−0.32 ± 0.35^A	−0.35 ± 0.31^B	−0.26 ± 0.49^B
Body fat (%)
Control group	35.49 ± 5.56	35.01 ± 5.98	34.45 ± 5.62	34.58 ± 5.33	34.70 ± 5.39
Supplement group	36.20 ± 4.79	35.05 ± 4.76**	34.81 ± 4.78**	35.27 ± 4.90**	35.22 ± 4.73*
ΔBody fat (%)
Control group		−0.48 ± 2.48^A	−1.04 ± 2.46^A	−0.91 ± 2.02^B	−0.78 ± 1.93^B
Supplement group		−1.15 ± 1.16^A	−1.39 ± 1.42^A	−0.93 ± 1.68^B	−0.98 ± 1.52^B
Fat-Free Mass (%)
Control group	64.51 ± 5.56	64.97 ± 5.37	64.98 ± 5.99	64.44 ± 5.67*	65.72 ± 5.71
Supplement group	63.79 ± 4.78	64.54 ± 5.01**	64.95 ± 4.76**	64.82 ± 5.06**	65.20 ± 4.78*
ΔFat-Free Mass (%)
Control group		0.47 ± 2.46^A	1.21 ± 2.45^A	1.19 ± 2.00^B	0.96 ± 1.82^A
Supplement group		1.16 ± 1.16^A	1.41 ± 1.44^A	0.95 ± 1.67^B	1.46 ± 2.29^A
WC (cm)
Control group	94.61 ± 8.16	94.43 ± 8.26	94.39 ± 7.99	93.50 ± 9.36	94.15 ± 9.30
Supplement group	93.85 ± 8.86	93.00 ± 9.34*	93.45 ± 9.38*	92.70 ± 8.89*	92.67 ± 8.99*
HC (cm)
Control group	106.73 ± 4.78	105.23 ± 4.70*	105.10 ± 4.58*	103.97 ± 4.89**	104.53 ± 4.79**
Supplement group	106.37 ± 7.86	105.55 ± 8.01*	104.95 ± 8.09**	104.67 ± 8.20**	104.77 ± 8.28**
MAMC (cm)
Control group	31.82 ± 3.85	31.67 ± 3.49	31.52 ± 3.49	31.00 ± 3.57	30.98 ± 3.40
Supplement group	32.91 ± 2.88	32.77 ± 2.79	32.65 ± 2.80	32.40 ± 2.74	32.47 ± 2.72
TSF (mm)
Control group	17.07 ± 6.83	16.80 ± 7.06	16.97 ± 7.05	16.50 ± 6.59	16.72 ± 6.52
Supplement group	11.97 ± 5.50	11.03 ± 3.15	11.03 ± 3.76	11.27 ± 3.48	11.23 ± 3.47

Table 3. Change of anthopometric measurements in subjects

Week 0

Week 4

Week 8

Week 12

Follow-up

Values are expressed as Mean ± SD. *Significant difference when compared with week 0 within the same group, p < 0.05 **Significant difference when compared with week 0 within the same group, p < 0.01. Different superscript letters are significantly other among the groups in the Δ value with Week 0 (p < 0.05). WC: Waist circumference; HC: Hip circumference; MAMC: Mid-arm muscle circumference; TSF: Triceps skin fold.

Body weight (kg)

Control group

80.99 ± 13.54

80.15 ± 13.24*

79.71 ± 12.85*

79.69 ± 13.78**

79.89 ± 13.66*

Supplement group

79.35 ± 14.84

78.75 ± 14.78**

78.49 ± 14.57**

78.46 ± 14.62**

77.98 ± 14.36**

ΔBody weight (kg)

Control group

−0.85 ± 1.27^A

−1.29 ± 1.93^A

−1.31 ± 1.47^AB

−1.10 ± 1.49^A

Supplement group

−0.60 ± 0.73^A

−0.87 ± 0.97^A

−0.89 ± 0.84^B

−1.37 ± 2.66^A

BMI (kg/m²)

Control group

29.76 ± 2.57

29.42 ± 2.50*

29.29 ± 2.45*

29.27 ± 2.64**

29.34 ± 2.62*

Supplement group

29.19 ± 3.15

28.98 ± 3.23**

28.87 ± 3.16**

28.84 ± 3.11**

28.93 ± 3.22**

ΔBMI (kg/m²)

Control group

−0.34 ± 0.50^A

−0.47 ± 0.67^A

−0.49 ± 0.57^AB

−0.42 ± 0.55^B

Supplement group

−0.21 ± 0.24^A

−0.32 ± 0.35^A

−0.35 ± 0.31^B

−0.26 ± 0.49^B

Body fat (%)

Control group

35.49 ± 5.56

35.01 ± 5.98

34.45 ± 5.62

34.58 ± 5.33

34.70 ± 5.39

Supplement group

36.20 ± 4.79

35.05 ± 4.76**

34.81 ± 4.78**

35.27 ± 4.90**

35.22 ± 4.73*

ΔBody fat (%)

Control group

−0.48 ± 2.48^A

−1.04 ± 2.46^A

−0.91 ± 2.02^B

−0.78 ± 1.93^B

Supplement group

−1.15 ± 1.16^A

−1.39 ± 1.42^A

−0.93 ± 1.68^B

−0.98 ± 1.52^B

Fat-Free Mass (%)

Control group

64.51 ± 5.56

64.97 ± 5.37

64.98 ± 5.99

64.44 ± 5.67*

65.72 ± 5.71

Supplement group

63.79 ± 4.78

64.54 ± 5.01**

64.95 ± 4.76**

64.82 ± 5.06**

65.20 ± 4.78*

ΔFat-Free Mass (%)

Control group

0.47 ± 2.46^A

1.21 ± 2.45^A

1.19 ± 2.00^B

0.96 ± 1.82^A

Supplement group

1.16 ± 1.16^A

1.41 ± 1.44^A

0.95 ± 1.67^B

1.46 ± 2.29^A

WC (cm)

Control group

94.61 ± 8.16

94.43 ± 8.26

94.39 ± 7.99

93.50 ± 9.36

94.15 ± 9.30

Supplement group

93.85 ± 8.86

93.00 ± 9.34*

93.45 ± 9.38*

92.70 ± 8.89*

92.67 ± 8.99*

HC (cm)

Control group

106.73 ± 4.78

105.23 ± 4.70*

105.10 ± 4.58*

103.97 ± 4.89**

104.53 ± 4.79**

Supplement group

106.37 ± 7.86

105.55 ± 8.01*

104.95 ± 8.09**

104.67 ± 8.20**

104.77 ± 8.28**

MAMC (cm)

Control group

31.82 ± 3.85

31.67 ± 3.49

31.52 ± 3.49

31.00 ± 3.57

30.98 ± 3.40

Supplement group

32.91 ± 2.88

32.77 ± 2.79

32.65 ± 2.80

32.40 ± 2.74

32.47 ± 2.72

TSF (mm)

Control group

17.07 ± 6.83

16.80 ± 7.06

16.97 ± 7.05

16.50 ± 6.59

16.72 ± 6.52

Supplement group

11.97 ± 5.50

11.03 ± 3.15

11.03 ± 3.76

11.27 ± 3.48

11.23 ± 3.47

**Table 4.** Change of blood lipids and glucose in subjects
	Week 0	Week 4	Week 8	Week 12	Follow-up
Values are expressed as mean ± SD. Significant difference when compared with week 0 within the same group, p < 0.05 *Significant difference when compared with week 0 within the same group, p < 0.01 Different superscript letters are significantly different among the groups in the Δvalue with week 0 (p < 0.05).
TG (mg/dL)
Control group	136.47 ± 58.05	136.47 ± 78.17	164.40 ± 134.21	138.73 ± 43.66	139.57 ± 70.76
Supplement group	124.20 ± 58.62	119.20 ± 71.51	126.20 ± 62.56	121.67 ± 64.17	140.80 ± 94.84
TC (mg/dL)
Control group	189.93 ± 43.51	183.73 ± 38.26	187.20 ± 32.83	186.53 ± 39.81	187.67 ± 37.95
Supplement group	229.27 ± 92.24	225.40 ± 84.64	230.40 ± 90.36	226.40 ± 102.81	224.27 ± 91.99
LDL-C (mg/dL)
Control group	117.89 ± 36.66	114.50 ± 36.11	106.37 ± 30.91	110.37 ± 34.62	109.80 ± 34.97
Supplement group	145.33 ± 76.96	148.33 ± 72.07	145.80 ± 66.59	143.25 ± 87.12	140.66 ± 73.57
HDL-C(mg/dL)
Control group	45.03 ± 9.12	44.08 ± 9.16	42.31 ± 8.43	44.54 ± 7.31	44.33 ± 8.28
Supplement group	52.12 ± 8.54	49.66 ± 8.79	48.95 ± 7.23	48.68 ± 9.11	49.63 ± 10.92
FFA (mmol/L)
Control group	0.49 ± 0.19	0.64 ± 0.15	0.58 ± 0.17	0.49 ± 0.29	0.51 ± 0.19
Supplement group	0.52 ± 0.16	0.68 ± 0.14**	0.63 ± 0.13**	0.62 ± 0.19**	0.61 ± 0.19*
FBG (mg/dL)
Control group	94.00 ± 9.25	93.47 ± 10.62	91.60 ± 9.08	91.07 ± 9.72	91.97 ± 9.74
Supplement group	97.33 ± 14.85	95.07 ± 14.60	95.67 ± 16.67	98.60 ± 17.93	96.40 ± 19.78
HbA1C (%)
Control group	5.50 ± 0.47	5.55 ± 0.43	5.47 ± 0.38	5.49 ± 0.41	5.46 ± 0.42
Supplement group	5.59 ± 0.47	5.59 ± 0.48	5.58 ± 0.52	5.53 ± 0.51	5.56 ± 0.57
Insulin (µIU/mL)
Control group	20.19 ± 8.17	19.67 ± 7.94	20.44 ± 15.75	21.10 ± 11.54	18.84 ± 8.52
Supplement group	19.76 ± 11.62	17.97 ± 9.60	17.76 ± 8.53	20.15 ± 11.32	16.91 ± 12.34
HOMA-IR
Control group	4.70 ± 2.07	4.65 ± 2.29	4.64 ± 3.35	4.87 ± 2.99	4.39 ± 2.38
Supplement group	5.01 ± 3.85	4.33 ± 2.62	4.39 ± 3.03	5.26 ± 4.18	4.14 ± 3.22

Table 4. Change of blood lipids and glucose in subjects

Week 0

Week 4

Week 8

Week 12

Follow-up

Values are expressed as mean ± SD. *Significant difference when compared with week 0 within the same group, p < 0.05 **Significant difference when compared with week 0 within the same group, p < 0.01 Different superscript letters are significantly different among the groups in the Δvalue with week 0 (p < 0.05).

TG (mg/dL)

Control group

136.47 ± 58.05

136.47 ± 78.17

164.40 ± 134.21

138.73 ± 43.66

139.57 ± 70.76

Supplement group

124.20 ± 58.62

119.20 ± 71.51

126.20 ± 62.56

121.67 ± 64.17

140.80 ± 94.84

TC (mg/dL)

Control group

189.93 ± 43.51

183.73 ± 38.26

187.20 ± 32.83

186.53 ± 39.81

187.67 ± 37.95

Supplement group

229.27 ± 92.24

225.40 ± 84.64

230.40 ± 90.36

226.40 ± 102.81

224.27 ± 91.99

LDL-C (mg/dL)

Control group

117.89 ± 36.66

114.50 ± 36.11

106.37 ± 30.91

110.37 ± 34.62

109.80 ± 34.97

Supplement group

145.33 ± 76.96

148.33 ± 72.07

145.80 ± 66.59

143.25 ± 87.12

140.66 ± 73.57

HDL-C(mg/dL)

Control group

45.03 ± 9.12

44.08 ± 9.16

42.31 ± 8.43

44.54 ± 7.31

44.33 ± 8.28

Supplement group

52.12 ± 8.54

49.66 ± 8.79

48.95 ± 7.23

48.68 ± 9.11

49.63 ± 10.92

FFA (mmol/L)

Control group

0.49 ± 0.19

0.64 ± 0.15

0.58 ± 0.17

0.49 ± 0.29

0.51 ± 0.19

Supplement group

0.52 ± 0.16

0.68 ± 0.14**

0.63 ± 0.13**

0.62 ± 0.19**

0.61 ± 0.19*

FBG (mg/dL)

Control group

94.00 ± 9.25

93.47 ± 10.62

91.60 ± 9.08

91.07 ± 9.72

91.97 ± 9.74

Supplement group

97.33 ± 14.85

95.07 ± 14.60

95.67 ± 16.67

98.60 ± 17.93

96.40 ± 19.78

HbA1C (%)

Control group

5.50 ± 0.47

5.55 ± 0.43

5.47 ± 0.38

5.49 ± 0.41

5.46 ± 0.42

Supplement group

5.59 ± 0.47

5.59 ± 0.48

5.58 ± 0.52

5.53 ± 0.51

5.56 ± 0.57

Insulin (µIU/mL)

Control group

20.19 ± 8.17

19.67 ± 7.94

20.44 ± 15.75

21.10 ± 11.54

18.84 ± 8.52

Supplement group

19.76 ± 11.62

17.97 ± 9.60

17.76 ± 8.53

20.15 ± 11.32

16.91 ± 12.34

HOMA-IR

Control group

4.70 ± 2.07

4.65 ± 2.29

4.64 ± 3.35

4.87 ± 2.99

4.39 ± 2.38

Supplement group

5.01 ± 3.85

4.33 ± 2.62

4.39 ± 3.03

5.26 ± 4.18

4.14 ± 3.22

**Table 5.** Blood pressure of subjects
	Week 0	Week 4	Week 8	Week 12	Follow-up
Values are expressed as Mean ± SD. Significant difference when compared with week 0 within the same group, p < 0.05 *Significant difference when compared with week 0 within the same group, p < 0.01 SBP: Systolic blood pressure DBP: Diastolic blood pressure.
SBP (mmHg)
Control group	128.00 ± 14.30	127.07 ± 13.60	126.33 ± 13.25	124.87 ± 18.60	126.20 ± 17.03
Supplement group	129.53 ± 17.09	124.13 ± 18.26	120.53 ± 16.46**	121.60 ± 16.89**	120.13 ± 15.84**
DBP (mmHg)
Control group	83.53 ± 8.94	84.93 ± 10.59	81.67 ± 11.60	81.20 ± 10.19	81.27 ± 10.73
Supplement group	79.20 ± 15.61	78.47 ± 14.39	79.00 ± 13.60	77.47 ± 12.78	78.13 ± 13.93
Pulse (bpm)
Control group	75.33 ± 7.58	75.13 ± 8.43	75.40 ± 7.37	77.00 ± 6.60	75.33 ± 7.19
Supplement group	73.07 ± 10.00	73.33 ± 9.09	71.13 ± 6.79	72.93 ± 9.09	76.00 ± 10.49

Table 5. Blood pressure of subjects

Week 0

Week 4

Week 8

Week 12

Follow-up

SBP (mmHg)

Control group

128.00 ± 14.30

127.07 ± 13.60

126.33 ± 13.25

124.87 ± 18.60

126.20 ± 17.03

Supplement group

129.53 ± 17.09

124.13 ± 18.26

120.53 ± 16.46**

121.60 ± 16.89**

120.13 ± 15.84**

DBP (mmHg)

Control group

83.53 ± 8.94

84.93 ± 10.59

81.67 ± 11.60

81.20 ± 10.19

81.27 ± 10.73

Supplement group

79.20 ± 15.61

78.47 ± 14.39

79.00 ± 13.60

77.47 ± 12.78

78.13 ± 13.93

Pulse (bpm)

Control group

75.33 ± 7.58

75.13 ± 8.43

75.40 ± 7.37

77.00 ± 6.60

75.33 ± 7.19

Supplement group

73.07 ± 10.00

73.33 ± 9.09

71.13 ± 6.79

72.93 ± 9.09

76.00 ± 10.49

**Table 6.** Cardiac, liver and kidney function in subjects
	Week 0	Week 4	Week 8	Week 12	Follow-up
Values are expressed as Mean ± SD. Significant difference when compared with week 0 within the same group, p < 0.05 *Significant difference when compared with week 0 within the same group, p < 0.01. CPK: Creatine Phosphokinase, LDH: Lactic dehydrogenase.
CPK (IU/L)
Control group	100.07 ± 38.18	121..40 ± 61.79	104.40 ± 59.45	92.60 ± 46.47	103.10 ± 60.03
Supplement group	134.40 ± 71.23	131.00 ± 67.41	137.07 ± 102.39	133.13 ± 104.52	121.47 ± 77.97
LDH (IU/L)
Control group	136.80 ± 17.03	143.80 ± 24.59	144.47 ± 21.33	145.53 ± 21.40	139.90 ± 21.08
Supplement group	141.80 ± 24.10	148.67 ± 25.12*	146.80 ± 27.21*	149.47 ± 27.50*	142.00 ± 24.72
GOT (IU/L)
Control group	24.87 ± 7.35	26.20 ± 7.09	28.73 ± 13.8	25.33 ± 10.44	26.10 ± 8.81
Supplement group	20.40 ± 4.29	22.20 ± 7.55	21.80 ± 7.12	22.33 ± 7.90	21.33 ± 7.52
GPT (IU/L)
Control group	30.33 ± 20.40	31.27 ± 15.40	34.73 ± 24.75	34.40 ± 32.22	33.90 ± 25.68
Supplement group	23.80 ± 8.39	25.60 ± 12.74	23.53 ± 11.22	25.73 ± 14.02	25.27 ± 12.27
BUN (mg/dL)
Control group	11.60 ± 2.59	12.33 ± 2.23	12.20 ± 3.12	13.93 ± 3.63	12.37 ± 2.56
Supplement group	12.60 ± 4.12	12.53 ± 3.80	12.67 ± 2.72	12.07 ± 3.65	11.27 ± 2.37
Creatinine (mg/dL)
Control group	0.85 ± 0.22	0.84 ± 0.20	0.84 ± 0.21	0.84 ± 0.20	0.83 ± 0.21
Supplement group	0.81 ± 0.13	0.83 ± 0.12	0.81 ± 0.12	0.80 ± 0.11	0.81 ± 0.11
UA (mg/dL)
Control group	6.39 ± 1.76	6.80 ± 1.65	6.44 ± 1.42	6.37 ± 1.62	6.45 ± 1.61
Supplement group	5.95 ± 1.37	5.95 ± 1.15	5.93 ± 1.01	5.99 ± 1.01	6.47 ± 1.35

Table 6. Cardiac, liver and kidney function in subjects

Week 0

Week 4

Week 8

Week 12

Follow-up

CPK (IU/L)

Control group

100.07 ± 38.18

121..40 ± 61.79

104.40 ± 59.45

92.60 ± 46.47

103.10 ± 60.03

Supplement group

134.40 ± 71.23

131.00 ± 67.41

137.07 ± 102.39

133.13 ± 104.52

121.47 ± 77.97

LDH (IU/L)

Control group

136.80 ± 17.03

143.80 ± 24.59

144.47 ± 21.33

145.53 ± 21.40

139.90 ± 21.08

Supplement group

141.80 ± 24.10

148.67 ± 25.12*

146.80 ± 27.21*

149.47 ± 27.50*

142.00 ± 24.72

GOT (IU/L)

Control group

24.87 ± 7.35

26.20 ± 7.09

28.73 ± 13.8

25.33 ± 10.44

26.10 ± 8.81

Supplement group

20.40 ± 4.29

22.20 ± 7.55

21.80 ± 7.12

22.33 ± 7.90

21.33 ± 7.52

GPT (IU/L)

Control group

30.33 ± 20.40

31.27 ± 15.40

34.73 ± 24.75

34.40 ± 32.22

33.90 ± 25.68

Supplement group

23.80 ± 8.39

25.60 ± 12.74

23.53 ± 11.22

25.73 ± 14.02

25.27 ± 12.27

BUN (mg/dL)

Control group

11.60 ± 2.59

12.33 ± 2.23

12.20 ± 3.12

13.93 ± 3.63

12.37 ± 2.56

Supplement group

12.60 ± 4.12

12.53 ± 3.80

12.67 ± 2.72

12.07 ± 3.65

11.27 ± 2.37

Creatinine (mg/dL)

Control group

0.85 ± 0.22

0.84 ± 0.20

0.84 ± 0.21

0.84 ± 0.20

0.83 ± 0.21

Supplement group

0.81 ± 0.13

0.83 ± 0.12

0.81 ± 0.12

0.80 ± 0.11

0.81 ± 0.11

UA (mg/dL)

Control group

6.39 ± 1.76

6.80 ± 1.65

6.44 ± 1.42

6.37 ± 1.62

6.45 ± 1.61

Supplement group

5.95 ± 1.37

5.95 ± 1.15

5.93 ± 1.01

5.99 ± 1.01

6.47 ± 1.35

**Table 7.** Change of adiponectin and leptin in subjects
	Week 0	Week 4	Week 8	Week 12	Follow-up
Values are expressed as Mean ± SD. Significant difference when compared with week 0 within the same group, p < 0.05 *Significant difference when compared with week 0 within the same group, p < 0.01.
Adiponectin (µg/mL)
Control group	2.77 ± 1.44	3.12 ± 1.56*	3.08 ± 1.88*	3.31 ± 1.87*	3.42 ± 1.91*
Supplement group	4.37 ± 3.15	4.59 ± 3.09*	4.68 ± 3.41*	4.71 ± 3.45*	4.47 ± 3.07*
Leptin (ng/mL)
Control group	17.70 ± 12.42	17.17 ± 11.29	19.51 ± 14.85	19.84 ± 9.81	17.52 ± 9.76
Supplement group	21.21 ± 17.83	16.81 ± 9.44	16.26 ± 8.36	15.38 ± 7.96	16.60 ± 12.08

Table 7. Change of adiponectin and leptin in subjects

Week 0

Week 4

Week 8

Week 12

Follow-up

Adiponectin (µg/mL)

Control group

2.77 ± 1.44

3.12 ± 1.56*

3.08 ± 1.88*

3.31 ± 1.87*

3.42 ± 1.91*

Supplement group

4.37 ± 3.15

4.59 ± 3.09*

4.68 ± 3.41*

4.71 ± 3.45*

4.47 ± 3.07*

Leptin (ng/mL)

Control group

17.70 ± 12.42

17.17 ± 11.29

19.51 ± 14.85

19.84 ± 9.81

17.52 ± 9.76

Supplement group

21.21 ± 17.83

16.81 ± 9.44

16.26 ± 8.36

15.38 ± 7.96

16.60 ± 12.08

**Table 8.** Antioxidant status of subjects
	Week 0	Week 4	Week 8	Week 12	Follow-up
Values are expressed as Mean ± SD. Significant difference when compared with week 0 within the same group, p < 0.05 *Significant difference when compared with week 0 within the same group, p < 0.01. TEAC: Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity, TBARS: Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, GSH: Glutathione.
TEAC (µM)
Control group	4.01 ± 0.17	4.09 ± 0.19	4.02 ± 0.20	4.16 ± 0.36	4.15 ± 0.33
Supplement group	4.03 ± 0.12	4.08 ± 0.19*	4.53 ± 0.17*	4.94 ± 0.46*	5.32 ± 0.44*
TBARS (µM)
Control group	1.00 ± 0.35	0.96 ± 0.32	0.87 ± 0.25	0.81 ± 0.19	1.02 ± 0.38
Supplement group	1.17 ± 0.35	0.88 ± 0.31*	0.73 ± 0.22*	0.63 ± 0.25*	0.87 ± 0.19*
GSH (ng)
Control group	5.97 ± 0.07	5.99 ± 0.05	6.03 ± 0.04	6.05 ± 0.07	6.03 ± 0.05
Supplement group	5.88 ± 0.07	5.97 ± 0.06*	6.02 ± 0.04*	6.05 ± 0.05*	6.06 ± 0.05*

Table 8. Antioxidant status of subjects

Week 0

Week 4

Week 8

Week 12

Follow-up

Values are expressed as Mean ± SD. *Significant difference when compared with week 0 within the same group, p < 0.05 **Significant difference when compared with week 0 within the same group, p < 0.01. TEAC: Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity, TBARS: Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, GSH: Glutathione.

TEAC (µM)

Control group

4.01 ± 0.17

4.09 ± 0.19

4.02 ± 0.20

4.16 ± 0.36

4.15 ± 0.33

Supplement group

4.03 ± 0.12

4.08 ± 0.19*

4.53 ± 0.17*

4.94 ± 0.46*

5.32 ± 0.44*

TBARS (µM)

Control group

1.00 ± 0.35

0.96 ± 0.32

0.87 ± 0.25

0.81 ± 0.19

1.02 ± 0.38

Supplement group

1.17 ± 0.35

0.88 ± 0.31*

0.73 ± 0.22*

0.63 ± 0.25*

0.87 ± 0.19*

GSH (ng)

Control group

5.97 ± 0.07

5.99 ± 0.05

6.03 ± 0.04

6.05 ± 0.07

6.03 ± 0.05

Supplement group

5.88 ± 0.07

5.97 ± 0.06*

6.02 ± 0.04*

6.05 ± 0.05*

6.06 ± 0.05*