Journal of Food Bioactives, ISSN 2637-8752 print, 2637-8779 online
Journal website www.isnff-jfb.com

Original Research

Volume 29, March 2025, pages 77-84

Propolis targets macrophage activity to ameliorate inflammatory bowel disease

Figures

Figure 1.
Figure 1. Chromatogram of Ethanol Extract of Propolis 1. Rutin; 2. Quercetin; 3. Luteolin; 4. Sinapyl alcohol; 5. Apigenin; 6. Populin; 7. Caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE).
Figure 2.
Figure 2. Propolis Exhibits Significant Anti-inflammatory Effects in the THP-1 Inflammatory Cell Model. (a) Cell viability post-treatment with various concentrations of propolis (n = 6); (b-c). Gene expression levels of TF and IL-1β in THP-1 cells (n = 3).
Figure 3.
Figure 3. Western Blot Analysis of p65 NF-κB, p38/MAPK, and ERK/MAPK Pathways in THP-1 Cells.
Figure 4.
Figure 4. Effects of Propolis Treatment on the Colon of IBD Mice. (a) Weight changes in different treatment groups; (b) DAI scores in different treatment groups; (c) Display of colon length in different treatment groups; (d) H&E staining of the distal colon in different treatment groups.
Figure 5.
Figure 5. Effects of Propolis Treatment on Colonic Inflammation in IBD Mice. (a) Immunohistochemical analysis of macrophage infiltration in colon tissue (F4/80). (b-d) Real-Time PCR analysis of TNF-α, IL-1β, and TF RNA expression levels in colon tissue. (e) Western Blot analysis of TF protein expression levels in colon tissue.

Tables

Table 1. Primers for RT-PCR
 
SourceGene name
MouseGAPDHForward
Reverse		AGAGTGGGAGTTGCTGTTG
GCCTTCCGTGTTCCTACC
MouseIL-1βForward
Reverse		GAAATGCCACCTTTTGACAG
TGGATGCTCTCATCAGGACAG
MouseTNF-αForward
Reverse		ACTGAACTTCGGGGTGATCG
CCACTTGGTGGTTTG
HumanTissue factorForward
Reverse		AGTTCAGGAAAGAAAACAGCCA
CTGGCCCATACACTCTACCG
HumanGAPDHForward
Reverse		TCCACCACCCTGTTGCTGTA
ACCACAGTCCATGCCATCAC
HumanIL-1βForward
Reverse		CAGAAGTACCTGAGCTCGCC
AGATTCGTAGCTGGATGCCG

 

Table 2. Compound Concentrations in Propolis
 
NumberCompound nameRT (min)Linear regression equationContent (mg/g)
1Rutin18.37y = 1e7x - 9,176.710.70
2Quercetin26.81y = 3e7x + 38,2665.79
3Luteolin29.35y = 4e7x + 107,1210.36
4Kaempferol39.56y = 3e7x + 53,7240.86
5Apigenin42.33y = 4e7x + 199,5391.04
6Chrysin72.94y = 7e7x + 890,58626.64
7Caffeic acid phenethyl ester83.8y = 1e7x - 7,589.710.67