J Food Bioact

Journal of Food Bioactives, ISSN 2637-8752 print, 2637-8779 online

Journal website www.isnff-jfb.com

Original Research

Volume 20, December 2022, pages 72-79

Volatile sulfur compound in Pinot noir wines affected by vineyard irrigation, tillage, and nitrogen supplementation

Figure 1. The concentration means of hydrogen sulfide (H₂S) and methanethiol (MeSH) by different irrigation and nitrogen treatment combination. Treatments bearing different superscripts are significant different at p < 0.05 by ANOVA and Tukey’s HSD.

Figure 2. Principal component analysis (2D scores plot) of sulfur volatiles in differently treated of Pinot noir wines. (a) Year 1 samples; (b) Year 2 samples; (c) Year 3 samples; (d) All samples.

**Table 1.** The experimental design for the Vineyard treatments
	Tilled	Not tilled
Zero nitrogen	I T 0N	D T 0N	I NT 0N	D NT 0N
Foil nitrogen	I T FN	D T FN	I NT FN	D NT FN
Soil nitrogen	I T SN	D T SN	I NT SN	D NT SN

Table 1. The experimental design for the Vineyard treatments

Tilled

Not tilled

Irrigated

Dry

Irrigated

Dry

Zero nitrogen

I T 0N

D T 0N

I NT 0N

D NT 0N

Foil nitrogen

I T FN

D T FN

I NT FN

D NT FN

Soil nitrogen

I T SN

D T SN

I NT SN

D NT SN

**Table 2.** The concentration of volatile sulfur compounds in three vintage wines (µg/L).
Treatment	H2S	MeSH	DMS	MeSOAc	DMDS	EtSOAc	DMTS	Methionol
ND means not detected.
The 1^st vintage
I NT 0N	1.28 ± 0.42	1.32 ± 0.75	18.85 ± 0.10	4.27 ± 0.94	0.029 ± 0.002	0.18 ± 0.25	0.132 ± 0.036	1,945 ± 672
I T 0N	1.55 ± 1.83	1.75 ± 0.30	16.97 ± 3.45	3.55 ± 0.33	0.024 ± 0.000	ND	0.092 ± 0.005	2,265 ± 262
D NT 0N	1.66 ± 0.49	1.79 ± 0.19	19.00 ± 2.67	2.54 ± 0.91	0.028 ± 0.002	ND	0.128 ± 0.000	1,990 ± 226
D T 0N	2.11 ± 1.20	1.60 ± 0.98	21.38 ± 2.79	5.01 ± 1.00	0.046 ± 0.018	0.18 ± 0.25	0.189 ± 0.094	2,030 ± 170
I NT FN	2.75 ± 0.18	1.88 ± 0.13	19.31 ± 1.32	3.88 ± 0.45	0.039 ± 0.019	ND	0.161 ± 0.045	1,905 ± 346
I T FN	4.51 ± 1.63	2.23 ± 0.08	20.92 ± 1.58	4.75 ± 1.65	0.041 ± 0.012	0.14 ± 0.20	0.194 ± 0.101	2,470 ± 608
D NT FN	4.00 ± 0.87	2.58 ± 0.13	19.11 ± 4.17	2.88 ± 2.16	0.066 ± 0.033	ND	0.226 ± 0.103	2,365 ± 318
D T FN	2.98 ± 1.07	2.66 ± 0.96	21.27 ± 2.07	2.48 ± 0.31	0.038 ± 0.010	ND	0.157 ± 0.041	2,180 ± 85
I NT SN	3.85 ± 2.18	2.09 ± 0.33	18.61 ± 1.01	4.12 ± 0.90	0.047 ± 0.017	0.14 ± 0.19	0.204 ± 0.018	2,340 ± 481
I T SN	5.22 ± 2.72	3.74 ± 1.60	17.84 ± 3.80	9.56 ± 6.58	0.034 ± 0.006	0.41 ± 0.58	0.141 ± 0.027	2,040 ± 42
D NT SN	2.27 ± 1.22	1.96 ± 0.08	19.61 ± 2.52	2.70 ± 0.20	0.037 ± 0.014	ND	0.176 ± 0.059	2,895 ± 262
D T SN	1.73 ± 0.35	2.41 ± 0.28	14.47 ± 2.57	2.06 ± 0.16	0.038 ± 0.002	ND	0.194 ± 0.045	2,820 ± 339
The 2^nd vintage
I NT 0N	1.95 ± 0.46	1.53 ± 0.14	12.50 ± 2.39	6.09 ± 2.05	0.033 ± 0.005	0.54 ± 0.16	0.174 ± 0.069	2,420 ± 28
I T 0N	1.45 ± 0.25	1.43 ± 0.08	11.48 ± 2.84	7.50 ± 0.80	0.037 ± 0.012	0.59 ± 0.01	0.209 ± 0.064	2,140 ± 240
D NT 0N	1.67 ± 0.21	1.45 ± 0.02	13.05 ± 1.77	5.40 ± 0.45	0.031 ± 0.008	0.48 ± 0.08	0.192 ± 0.042	2,805 ± 304
D T 0N	2.36 ± 0.88	1.68 ± 0.23	14.34 ± 4.05	4.07 ± 2.16	0.027 ± 0.000	0.31 ± 0.19	0.155 ± 0.045	2,520 ± 28
I NT FN	3.77 ± 0.14	1.91 ± 0.12	11.99 ± 0.08	7.55 ± 0.86	0.023 ± 0.008	0.70 ± 0.11	0.153 ± 0.078	2,030 ± 438
I T FN	2.72 ± 0.08	1.83 ± 0.16	15.66 ± 5.02	6.59 ± 0.04	0.038 ± 0.014	0.52 ± 0.11	0.244 ± 0.085	2,560 ± 198
D NT FN	2.08 ± 0.33	1.76 ± 0.21	13.50 ± 2.79	4.22 ± 2.16	0.031 ± 0.017	0.37 ± 0.15	0.236 ± 0.140	2,190 ± 891
D T FN	3.61 ± 0.25	1.84 ± 0.11	14.54 ± 1.24	5.18 ± 1.38	0.028 ± 0.009	0.45 ± 0.06	0.193 ± 0.046	2,260 ± 85
I NT SN	5.13 ± 0.48	2.36 ± 0.62	14.82 ± 1.44	6.35 ± 0.49	0.024 ± 0.011	0.53 ± 0.06	0.068 ± 0.030	2,615 ± 346
I T SN	5.07 ± 3.11	2.20 ± 0.59	14.71 ± 1.75	6.14 ± 1.55	0.031 ± 0.021	0.52 ± 0.10	0.138 ± 0.092	2,280 ± 269
D NT SN	3.35 ± 0.86	1.78 ± 0.15	12.50 ± 0.25	4.83 ± 0.41	0.022 ± 0.002	0.48 ± 0.11	0.153 ± 0.013	2,685 ± 940
D T SN	3.85 ± 1.22	2.02 ± 0.57	14.42 ± 2.36	3.66 ± 0.01	0.026 ± 0.001	0.46 ± 0.02	0.144 ± 0.008	2,620 ± 849
The 3^rd vintage
I NT 0N	0.40 ± 0.17	1.22 ± 0.06	8.61 ± 2.01	7.33 ± 0.66	0.025 ± 0.008	0.69 ± 0.11	0.057 ± 0.000	1,860 ± 750
I T 0N	0.34 ± 0.37	1.68 ± 0.04	10.67 ± 1.44	9.96 ± 0.34	0.026 ± 0.007	0.94 ± 0.21	0.076 ± 0.007	1,915 ± 898
D NT 0N	0.89 ± 0.35	1.48 ± 0.01	10.74 ± 0.90	10.19 ± 1.46	0.028 ± 0.004	1.01 ± 0.10	0.081 ± 0.034	2,140 ± 1,089
D T 0N	1.27 ± 0.05	2.14 ± 0.05	14.08 ± 3.85	9.10 ± 5.06	0.033 ± 0.019	0.97 ± 0.73	0.117 ± 0.112	1,675 ± 658
I NT FN	1.60 ± 0.10	2.08 ± 0.52	11.48 ± 0.34	11.22 ± 2.45	0.030 ± 0.005	1.11 ± 0.47	0.080 ± 0.014	2,210 ± 764
I T FN	2.22 ± 2.14	2.32 ± 0.97	13.95 ± 4.24	8.48 ± 2.27	0.045 ± 0.026	0.65 ± 0.19	0.126 ± 0.094	1,800 ± 269
D NT FN	1.26 ± 0.23	2.47 ± 1.01	9.25 ± 0.71	8.67 ± 4.88	0.043 ± 0.022	0.55 ± 0.41	0.144 ± 0.106	2,075 ± 148
D T FN	2.21 ± 1.75	2.55 ± 0.52	14.55 ± 1.28	13.90 ± 4.48	0.046 ± 0.001	1.25 ± 0.79	0.147 ± 0.017	2,570 ± 735
I NT SN	1.32 ± 0.30	2.07 ± 0.69	10.88 ± 1.12	7.59 ± 2.26	0.029 ± 0.006	0.49 ± 0.16	0.105 ± 0.026	1,690 ± 608
I T SN	3.82 ± 1.04	2.58 ± 1.60	14.26 ± 2.04	9.17 ± 3.61	0.043 ± 0.017	0.63 ± 0.55	0.201 ± 0.121	1,520 ± 608
D NT SN	1.39 ± 0.86	2.07 ± 0.02	11.59 ± 0.66	11.50 ± 2.88	0.033 ± 0.002	0.94 ± 0.19	0.122 ± 0.017	2,095 ± 1,393
D T SN	1.19 ± 0.34	1.70 ± 0.04	13.61 ± 0.11	5.30 ± 1.61	0.035 ± 0.004	0.48 ± 0.08	0.114 ± 0.023	1,985 ± 983

Table 2. The concentration of volatile sulfur compounds in three vintage wines (µg/L).

Treatment

H2S

MeSH

DMS

MeSOAc

DMDS

EtSOAc

DMTS

Methionol

ND means not detected.

The 1^st vintage

I NT 0N

1.28 ± 0.42

1.32 ± 0.75

18.85 ± 0.10

4.27 ± 0.94

0.029 ± 0.002

0.18 ± 0.25

0.132 ± 0.036

1,945 ± 672

I T 0N

1.55 ± 1.83

1.75 ± 0.30

16.97 ± 3.45

3.55 ± 0.33

0.024 ± 0.000

0.092 ± 0.005

2,265 ± 262

D NT 0N

1.66 ± 0.49

1.79 ± 0.19

19.00 ± 2.67

2.54 ± 0.91

0.028 ± 0.002

0.128 ± 0.000

1,990 ± 226

D T 0N

2.11 ± 1.20

1.60 ± 0.98

21.38 ± 2.79

5.01 ± 1.00

0.046 ± 0.018

0.18 ± 0.25

0.189 ± 0.094

2,030 ± 170

I NT FN

2.75 ± 0.18

1.88 ± 0.13

19.31 ± 1.32

3.88 ± 0.45

0.039 ± 0.019

0.161 ± 0.045

1,905 ± 346

I T FN

4.51 ± 1.63

2.23 ± 0.08

20.92 ± 1.58

4.75 ± 1.65

0.041 ± 0.012

0.14 ± 0.20

0.194 ± 0.101

2,470 ± 608

D NT FN

4.00 ± 0.87

2.58 ± 0.13

19.11 ± 4.17

2.88 ± 2.16

0.066 ± 0.033

0.226 ± 0.103

2,365 ± 318

D T FN

2.98 ± 1.07

2.66 ± 0.96

21.27 ± 2.07

2.48 ± 0.31

0.038 ± 0.010

0.157 ± 0.041

2,180 ± 85

I NT SN

3.85 ± 2.18

2.09 ± 0.33

18.61 ± 1.01

4.12 ± 0.90

0.047 ± 0.017

0.14 ± 0.19

0.204 ± 0.018

2,340 ± 481

I T SN

5.22 ± 2.72

3.74 ± 1.60

17.84 ± 3.80

9.56 ± 6.58

0.034 ± 0.006

0.41 ± 0.58

0.141 ± 0.027

2,040 ± 42

D NT SN

2.27 ± 1.22

1.96 ± 0.08

19.61 ± 2.52

2.70 ± 0.20

0.037 ± 0.014

0.176 ± 0.059

2,895 ± 262

D T SN

1.73 ± 0.35

2.41 ± 0.28

14.47 ± 2.57

2.06 ± 0.16

0.038 ± 0.002

0.194 ± 0.045

2,820 ± 339

The 2^nd vintage

I NT 0N

1.95 ± 0.46

1.53 ± 0.14

12.50 ± 2.39

6.09 ± 2.05

0.033 ± 0.005

0.54 ± 0.16

0.174 ± 0.069

2,420 ± 28

I T 0N

1.45 ± 0.25

1.43 ± 0.08

11.48 ± 2.84

7.50 ± 0.80

0.037 ± 0.012

0.59 ± 0.01

0.209 ± 0.064

2,140 ± 240

D NT 0N

1.67 ± 0.21

1.45 ± 0.02

13.05 ± 1.77

5.40 ± 0.45

0.031 ± 0.008

0.48 ± 0.08

0.192 ± 0.042

2,805 ± 304

D T 0N

2.36 ± 0.88

1.68 ± 0.23

14.34 ± 4.05

4.07 ± 2.16

0.027 ± 0.000

0.31 ± 0.19

0.155 ± 0.045

2,520 ± 28

I NT FN

3.77 ± 0.14

1.91 ± 0.12

11.99 ± 0.08

7.55 ± 0.86

0.023 ± 0.008

0.70 ± 0.11

0.153 ± 0.078

2,030 ± 438

I T FN

2.72 ± 0.08

1.83 ± 0.16

15.66 ± 5.02

6.59 ± 0.04

0.038 ± 0.014

0.52 ± 0.11

0.244 ± 0.085

2,560 ± 198

D NT FN

2.08 ± 0.33

1.76 ± 0.21

13.50 ± 2.79

4.22 ± 2.16

0.031 ± 0.017

0.37 ± 0.15

0.236 ± 0.140

2,190 ± 891

D T FN

3.61 ± 0.25

1.84 ± 0.11

14.54 ± 1.24

5.18 ± 1.38

0.028 ± 0.009

0.45 ± 0.06

0.193 ± 0.046

2,260 ± 85

I NT SN

5.13 ± 0.48

2.36 ± 0.62

14.82 ± 1.44

6.35 ± 0.49

0.024 ± 0.011

0.53 ± 0.06

0.068 ± 0.030

2,615 ± 346

I T SN

5.07 ± 3.11

2.20 ± 0.59

14.71 ± 1.75

6.14 ± 1.55

0.031 ± 0.021

0.52 ± 0.10

0.138 ± 0.092

2,280 ± 269

D NT SN

3.35 ± 0.86

1.78 ± 0.15

12.50 ± 0.25

4.83 ± 0.41

0.022 ± 0.002

0.48 ± 0.11

0.153 ± 0.013

2,685 ± 940

D T SN

3.85 ± 1.22

2.02 ± 0.57

14.42 ± 2.36

3.66 ± 0.01

0.026 ± 0.001

0.46 ± 0.02

0.144 ± 0.008

2,620 ± 849

The 3^rd vintage

I NT 0N

0.40 ± 0.17

1.22 ± 0.06

8.61 ± 2.01

7.33 ± 0.66

0.025 ± 0.008

0.69 ± 0.11

0.057 ± 0.000

1,860 ± 750

I T 0N

0.34 ± 0.37

1.68 ± 0.04

10.67 ± 1.44

9.96 ± 0.34

0.026 ± 0.007

0.94 ± 0.21

0.076 ± 0.007

1,915 ± 898

D NT 0N

0.89 ± 0.35

1.48 ± 0.01

10.74 ± 0.90

10.19 ± 1.46

0.028 ± 0.004

1.01 ± 0.10

0.081 ± 0.034

2,140 ± 1,089

D T 0N

1.27 ± 0.05

2.14 ± 0.05

14.08 ± 3.85

9.10 ± 5.06

0.033 ± 0.019

0.97 ± 0.73

0.117 ± 0.112

1,675 ± 658

I NT FN

1.60 ± 0.10

2.08 ± 0.52

11.48 ± 0.34

11.22 ± 2.45

0.030 ± 0.005

1.11 ± 0.47

0.080 ± 0.014

2,210 ± 764

I T FN

2.22 ± 2.14

2.32 ± 0.97

13.95 ± 4.24

8.48 ± 2.27

0.045 ± 0.026

0.65 ± 0.19

0.126 ± 0.094

1,800 ± 269

D NT FN

1.26 ± 0.23

2.47 ± 1.01

9.25 ± 0.71

8.67 ± 4.88

0.043 ± 0.022

0.55 ± 0.41

0.144 ± 0.106

2,075 ± 148

D T FN

2.21 ± 1.75

2.55 ± 0.52

14.55 ± 1.28

13.90 ± 4.48

0.046 ± 0.001

1.25 ± 0.79

0.147 ± 0.017

2,570 ± 735

I NT SN

1.32 ± 0.30

2.07 ± 0.69

10.88 ± 1.12

7.59 ± 2.26

0.029 ± 0.006

0.49 ± 0.16

0.105 ± 0.026

1,690 ± 608

I T SN

3.82 ± 1.04

2.58 ± 1.60

14.26 ± 2.04

9.17 ± 3.61

0.043 ± 0.017

0.63 ± 0.55

0.201 ± 0.121

1,520 ± 608

D NT SN

1.39 ± 0.86

2.07 ± 0.02

11.59 ± 0.66

11.50 ± 2.88

0.033 ± 0.002

0.94 ± 0.19

0.122 ± 0.017

2,095 ± 1,393

D T SN

1.19 ± 0.34

1.70 ± 0.04

13.61 ± 0.11

5.30 ± 1.61

0.035 ± 0.004

0.48 ± 0.08

0.114 ± 0.023

1,985 ± 983

**Table 3.** The MANOVA results using SPSS 13.0 (α = 0.05)
Effect	Value (Wilks’ λ)	F	p value
Year	0.002	26.186	0.000
Irrigate	0.152	6.253	0.006
Till	0.706	0.469	0.850
Nitrogen	0.042	4.352	0.002
Rep	0.489	1.174	0.405
Year * Irrigate	0.134	1.945	0.088
Year * Till	0.398	0.657	0.798
Year * Nitrogen	0.012	2.506	0.005
Year * Rep	0.192	1.439	0.227
Irrigate * Till	0.447	1.393	0.315
Irrigate * Nitrogen	0.094	2.538	0.030
Irrigate * Rep	0.780	0.317	0.940
Till * Nitrogen	0.231	1.214	0.343
Till * Rep	0.254	3.303	0.047
Nitrogen * Rep	0.174	1.573	0.177
Year * Irrigate * Till	0.232	1.212	0.345
Year * Irrigate * Nitrogen	0.105	0.916	0.597
Year * Irrigate * Rep	0.182	1.514	0.197
Year R * Till * Nitrogen	0.071	1.140	0.351
Year * Till * Rep	0.282	0.993	0.502
Year * Nitrogen * Rep	0.033	1.661	0.073
Irrigate * Till * Nitrogen	0.149	1.786	0.118
Irrigate * Till * Rep	0.523	1.024	0.481
Irrigate * Nitrogen * Rep	0.131	1.986	0.081
Till * Nitrogen * Rep	0.325	0.849	0.626
Year * Irrigate * Till * Nitrogen	0.029	1.746	0.055

Table 3. The MANOVA results using SPSS 13.0 (α = 0.05)

Effect

Value (Wilks’ λ)

p value

Year

0.002

26.186

0.000

Irrigate

0.152

6.253

0.006

Till

0.706

0.469

0.850

Nitrogen

0.042

4.352

0.002

Rep

0.489

1.174

0.405

Year * Irrigate

0.134

1.945

0.088

Year * Till

0.398

0.657

0.798

Year * Nitrogen

0.012

2.506

0.005

Year * Rep

0.192

1.439

0.227

Irrigate * Till

0.447

1.393

0.315

Irrigate * Nitrogen

0.094

2.538

0.030

Irrigate * Rep

0.780

0.317

0.940

Till * Nitrogen

0.231

1.214

0.343

Till * Rep

0.254

3.303

0.047

Nitrogen * Rep

0.174

1.573

0.177

Year * Irrigate * Till

0.232

1.212

0.345

Year * Irrigate * Nitrogen

0.105

0.916

0.597

Year * Irrigate * Rep

0.182

1.514

0.197

Year R * Till * Nitrogen

0.071

1.140

0.351

Year * Till * Rep

0.282

0.993

0.502

Year * Nitrogen * Rep

0.033

1.661

0.073

Irrigate * Till * Nitrogen

0.149

1.786

0.118

Irrigate * Till * Rep

0.523

1.024

0.481

Irrigate * Nitrogen * Rep

0.131

1.986

0.081

Till * Nitrogen * Rep

0.325

0.849

0.626

Year * Irrigate * Till * Nitrogen

0.029

1.746

0.055

**Table 4.** The means of sulfur volatile compound concentrations (µg/L) in Pinot noir wine from three vintage years (n = 24) and from different vineyard treatments (n = 36, except for nitrogen supplements n = 24)
	Year 1	Year 2	Year 3	Zero nitrogen	Foliar nitrogen	Soil nitrogen	With irrigation	Without irrigation	With tillage	Without tillage
Treatments bearing different superscripts are significantly different at p < 0.05 by ANOVA and Tukey’s HS.
H₂S	2.82 ^b	3.08 ^b	1.49 ^a	1.41 ^a	2.81 ^b	3.18 ^b	2.72	2.21	2.68	2.26
MeSH	2.17	1.81	2.03	1.59 ^a	2.17 ^b	2.25 ^b	2.13	1.88	2.13	1.88
DMS	18.94 ^b	13.62 ^a	11.97 ^a	14.30	15.46	14.77	14.64	15.05	15.50 ^b	14.19 ^a
MeSOAc	3.98 ^a	5.63 ^b	9.36 ^c	6.08	6.65	6.25	6.89 ^b	5.76 ^a	6.47	6.18
DMDS	0.039 ^b	0.029 ^a	0.035 ^ab	0.030	0.039	0.033	0.035	0.033	0.035	0.033
EtSOAc	0.09 ^a	0.49 ^b	0.81 ^c	0.42	0.49	0.48	0.49	0.44	0.47	0.45
DMTS	0.166 ^b	0.172 ^b	0.114 ^a	0.133	0.172	0.147	0.142	0.159	0.157	0.144
Methionol	2,270 ^ab	2,430 ^b	1,960 ^a	2,140	2,220	2,300	2,110	2,330	2,200	2,240

Table 4. The means of sulfur volatile compound concentrations (µg/L) in Pinot noir wine from three vintage years (n = 24) and from different vineyard treatments (n = 36, except for nitrogen supplements n = 24)

Year 1

Year 2

Year 3

Zero nitrogen

Foliar nitrogen

Soil nitrogen

With irrigation

Without irrigation

With tillage

Without tillage

Treatments bearing different superscripts are significantly different at p < 0.05 by ANOVA and Tukey’s HS.

H₂S

2.82 ^b

3.08 ^b

1.49 ^a

1.41 ^a

2.81 ^b

3.18 ^b

2.72

2.21

2.68

2.26

MeSH

2.17

1.81

2.03

1.59 ^a

2.17 ^b

2.25 ^b

2.13

1.88

2.13

1.88

DMS

18.94 ^b

13.62 ^a

11.97 ^a

14.30

15.46

14.77

14.64

15.05

15.50 ^b

14.19 ^a

MeSOAc

3.98 ^a

5.63 ^b

9.36 ^c

6.08

6.65

6.25

6.89 ^b

5.76 ^a

6.47

6.18

DMDS

0.039 ^b

0.029 ^a

0.035 ^ab

0.030

0.039

0.033

0.035

0.033

0.035

0.033

EtSOAc

0.09 ^a

0.49 ^b

0.81 ^c

0.42

0.49

0.48

0.49

0.44

0.47

0.45

DMTS

0.166 ^b

0.172 ^b

0.114 ^a

0.133

0.172

0.147

0.142

0.159

0.157

0.144

Methionol

2,270 ^ab

2,430 ^b

1,960 ^a

2,140

2,220

2,300

2,110

2,330

2,200

2,240