J Food Bioact

Journal of Food Bioactives, ISSN 2637-8752 print, 2637-8779 online

Journal website www.isnff-jfb.com

Review

Volume 15, September 2021, pages 63-73

Functional foods beyond nutrition: therapeutic interventions to combat COVID-19 and other viral diseases

Figure 1. Potential targets of therapeutic interventions to arrest viral progression: As shown in numbered red circles 1. Therapeutics to sequester and deplete DPP4, a potent receptor of SARS-coronavirus 2. Drugs targeted against NOX2-depenedent NADH oxidase complex to prevent superoxide mediated oxidation of TLR7 and subsequent inhibition in secretion of IFN 3. Therapeutics to modulate the expression of gelsolin and hence regulate the density dependent phenotype of macrophages to minimize host damage arising out of immune response.

Figure 2. Some important phytochemicals available in medicinal herbs, nutraceuticals and functional foods along with their Pubchem IDs a) Quercetin, 5280343 b) Epigallocatechin gallate, 65064 c) Resveratrol, 445154 d) Wogonin, 5281703 e) Kaempferol, 5280863 f) Luteolin, 5280445 g) Curcumin, 969516 h) Juglanin, 5318717 i) Rutin, 5280805 j) Baicalein, 5281605 k) Silymarin, 5213 l) Genistein, 5280961 m) Apigenin, 5280443 n) Hesperetin, 72281.

**Table 1.** : Antiviral effects of some purified molecules of plant origin
Molecule	Target virus and molecule/pathway	Reference
Quercetin	SARSCoV, S2 protein	(Colunga Biancatelli et al., 2020)
EGCG (Epigallocatechin gallate)	SARSCoV, 3CLPro	(Du et al., 2021)
Resveratrol	MERSCoV, NP	(Lin et al., 2017)
Wogonin	HSV, host NF-κB and JNK/p38 MAPK pathways	(Chu et al., 2020)
Kaempferol	SARS Coronavirus, 3a channel protein	(Schwarz et al., 2014)
Luteolin	Influenza A, coat protein I complex	(Yan et al., 2019)
Curcumin	Respiratory Syncitial Virus, host NF-κB and JNK/p38 MAPK pathways	(Liu and Ying, 2020)
Theaflavin digallate	Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1	(De Oliveira et al., 2015)
Ellagic Acid Derivative	Human Immunodeficiency Virus, CD4	(Bedoya et al., 2010)
Tannic acid	Influenza A virus, Neuraminidase, receptor	(Kaczmarek, 2020)
Juglanin	SARS Coronavirus, 3a channel protein	(Schwarz et al., 2014)
Rutin	SARS-CoV-2, Main protease	(Abd El-Mordy et al., 2020)
Baicalein	Japanase Encephalitis Virus, replication	(Johari et al., 2012)
Silymarin	Hepatitis C Virus,	(Ferenci et al., 2008)
Genistein	HIV Virus, VPU ion channel	(Sauter et al., 2014)
Apigenin	Enterovirus A71, Internal Ribosome Entry Site	(Zhang et al., 2015)
Hesperetin	SARSCoV, 3CLPro	(Lin et al., 2005)

Table 1. : Antiviral effects of some purified molecules of plant origin

Molecule

Target virus and molecule/pathway

Reference

Quercetin

SARSCoV, S2 protein

(Colunga Biancatelli et al., 2020)

EGCG (Epigallocatechin gallate)

SARSCoV, 3CLPro

(Du et al., 2021)

Resveratrol

MERSCoV, NP

(Lin et al., 2017)

Wogonin

HSV, host NF-κB and JNK/p38 MAPK pathways

(Chu et al., 2020)

Kaempferol

SARS Coronavirus, 3a channel protein

(Schwarz et al., 2014)

Luteolin

Influenza A, coat protein I complex

(Yan et al., 2019)

Curcumin

Respiratory Syncitial Virus, host NF-κB and JNK/p38 MAPK pathways

(Liu and Ying, 2020)

Theaflavin digallate

Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1

(De Oliveira et al., 2015)

Ellagic Acid Derivative

Human Immunodeficiency Virus, CD4

(Bedoya et al., 2010)

Tannic acid

Influenza A virus, Neuraminidase, receptor

(Kaczmarek, 2020)

Juglanin

SARS Coronavirus, 3a channel protein

(Schwarz et al., 2014)

Rutin

SARS-CoV-2, Main protease

(Abd El-Mordy et al., 2020)

Baicalein

Japanase Encephalitis Virus, replication

(Johari et al., 2012)

Silymarin

Hepatitis C Virus,

(Ferenci et al., 2008)

Genistein

HIV Virus, VPU ion channel

(Sauter et al., 2014)

Apigenin

Enterovirus A71, Internal Ribosome Entry Site

(Zhang et al., 2015)

Hesperetin

SARSCoV, 3CLPro

(Lin et al., 2005)