J Food Bioact

Journal of Food Bioactives, ISSN 2637-8752 print, 2637-8779 online

Journal website www.isnff-jfb.com

Original Research

Volume 11, September 2020, pages 110-118

Antioxidant capacity of Lathyrus sativus seeds

Figure 1. Correlation between the total phenolics content and the results of ABTS and FRAP assays and results of the two antioxidant assays.

**Table 1.** Characteristic of grass seeds investigated in this study
No	Accession code	Country of origin	Seed coat colour	Weight of 100 seeds (g)
1	Nochowo	Poland	Cream	11.2
2	Nochowo	Poland	Cream	21.2
3	UP Lublin	Poland	Cream	8.3
4	LAT 469	Slovakia	Cream with dark helium	24.2
5	LAT 470	Slovakia	Cream with dark helium, slightly mottled	23.8
6	LAT 471	Slovakia	Cream with dark helium	21.3
7	LAT 472	Slovakia	Cream with dark helium	24.6
8	LAT 473	Slovakia	Cream, bright	26.6
9	LAT 474	Slovakia	Bright cream with dark helium	28.3
10	LAT 476	Slovakia	Cream	26.7
11	LAT 479	Slovakia	Bright cream with dark helium	26.8
12	LAT 478	Czech	Cream	32.5
13	LAT 447	Russia	Cream	21.6
14	LAT 448	Russia	Cream	18.3
15	LAT 466	Russia	Cream	29.2
16	LAT 434	Ukraine	Cream	26.7
17	LAT 465	Ukraine	Cream	29.9
18	LAT 4011	Ukraine	Cream	24.0
19	LAT 455	Hungary	Cream, slightly wrinkled	46.4
20	LAT 494	Hungary	Cream	21.6
21	LAT 440	India	Dark brown, slightly mottled	18.6
22	LAT 492	India	Brown, slightly mottled	20.0
23	LAT 463	Bulgaria	Cream, slightly mottled	21.7
24	LAT 4076	Bulgaria	Bright brown to grey, slightly mottled	14.9
25	LAT 451	Iran	Dark and bright brown	7.0
26	LAT 454	Tunisia	Cream	45.8
27	LAT 4008	Ethiopia	Dark brown, mottled	32.3
28	-	Ethiopia	Dark brown, slightly mottled	9.9
29	Canada C	Canada	Cream	35.1
30	UACH 2	Chile	Cream	32.3

Table 1. Characteristic of grass seeds investigated in this study

Accession code

Country of origin

Seed coat colour

Weight of 100 seeds (g)

Nochowo

Poland

Cream

11.2

Nochowo

Poland

Cream

21.2

UP Lublin

Poland

Cream

8.3

LAT 469

Slovakia

Cream with dark helium

24.2

LAT 470

Slovakia

Cream with dark helium, slightly mottled

23.8

LAT 471

Slovakia

Cream with dark helium

21.3

LAT 472

Slovakia

Cream with dark helium

24.6

LAT 473

Slovakia

Cream, bright

26.6

LAT 474

Slovakia

Bright cream with dark helium

28.3

LAT 476

Slovakia

Cream

26.7

LAT 479

Slovakia

Bright cream with dark helium

26.8

LAT 478

Czech

Cream

32.5

LAT 447

Russia

Cream

21.6

LAT 448

Russia

Cream

18.3

LAT 466

Russia

Cream

29.2

LAT 434

Ukraine

Cream

26.7

LAT 465

Ukraine

Cream

29.9

LAT 4011

Ukraine

Cream

24.0

LAT 455

Hungary

Cream, slightly wrinkled

46.4

LAT 494

Hungary

Cream

21.6

LAT 440

India

Dark brown, slightly mottled

18.6

LAT 492

India

Brown, slightly mottled

20.0

LAT 463

Bulgaria

Cream, slightly mottled

21.7

LAT 4076

Bulgaria

Bright brown to grey, slightly mottled

14.9

LAT 451

Iran

Dark and bright brown

7.0

LAT 454

Tunisia

Cream

45.8

LAT 4008

Ethiopia

Dark brown, mottled

32.3

Ethiopia

Dark brown, slightly mottled

9.9

Canada C

Canada

Cream

35.1

UACH 2

Chile

Cream

32.3

**Table 2.** Characteristics of the grass pea seeds and their extracts: content of total phenolics and antioxidant activity
No	Total phenolics	TEAC	FRAP
1	4.32 ± 0.09	77.3 ± 1.7	0.028 ± 0.001	0.498 ± 0.010	0.049 ± 0.001	0.881 ± 0.019
2	3.51 ± 0.09	44.8 ± 1.2	0.026 ± 0.002	0.336 ± 0.026	0.053 ± 0.001	0.674 ± 0.010
3	3.34 ± 0.08	44.7 ± 1.1	0.024 ± 0.001	0.317 ± 0.005	0.053 ± 0.001	0.707 ± 0.020
4	4.4 ± 0.09	63.9 ± 1.3	0.030 ± 0.001	0.423 ± 0.009	0.072 ± 0.002	1.033 ± 0.025
5	3.12 ± 0.08	40.2 ± 1.0	0.023 ± 0.001	0.290 ± 0.014	0.059 ± 0.002	0.761 ± 0.022
6	3.11 ± 0.09	40.9 ± 1.0	0.022 ± 0.001	0.286 ± 0.014	0.046 ± 0.001	0.615 ± 0.011
7	3.62 ± 0.08	47.5 ± 1.0	0.026 ± 0.001	0.336 ± 0.012	0.043 ± 0.001	0.558 ± 0.010
8	2.74 ± 0.08	37.7 ± 1.1	0.021 ± 0.001	0.294 ± 0.12	0.060 ± 0.002	0.598 ± 0.032
9	5.35 ± 0.08	76.3 ± 1.1	0.034 ± 0.001	0.484 ± 0.012	0.044 ± 0.002	0.851 ± 0.022
10	2.79 ± 0.07	35.9 ± 0.9	0.024 ± 0.001	0.307 ± 0.010	0.067 ± 0.002	0.570 ± 0.021
11	3.45 ± 0.06	54.2 ± 1.0	0.032 ± 0.001	0.391 ± 0.012	0.058 ± 0.001	0.821 ± 0.014
12	4.87 ± 0.06	69.5 ± 0.8	0.034 ± 0.001	0.485 ± 0.014	0.060 ± 0.001	0.830 ± 0.016
13	5.01 ± 0.07	66.2 ± 0.9	0.031 ± 0.001	0.417 ± 0.005	0.052 ± 0.001	0.790 ± 0.025
14	4.16 ± 0.08	54.9 ± 1.1	0.026 ± 0.001	0.414 ± 0.012	0.047 ± 0.001	0.689 ± 0.008
15	3.45 ± 0.08	45.1 ± 1.2	0.026 ± 0.001	0.339 ± 0.005	0.048 ± 0.001	0.620 ± 0.009
16	3.42 ± 0.07	44.6 ± 0.9	0.023 ± 0.001	0.333 ± .010	0.045 ± 0.001	0.630 ± 0.001
17	2.86 ± 0.07	38.5 ± 1.0	0.026 ± 0.001	0.314 ± 0.07	0.045 ± 0.002	0.612 ± 0.010
18	3.31 ± 0.08	40.9 ± 1.	0.025 ± 0.001	0.318 ± 0.016	0.050 ± 0.001	0.558 ± 0.020
19	3.53 ± 0.04	53.4 ± 0.7	0.025 ± 0.001	0.376 ± 0.009	0.043 ± 0.001	0.752 ± 0.015
20	2.72 ± 0.05	37.1 ± 0.6	0.014 ± 0.001	0.188 ± 0.004	0.066 ± 0.001	0.583 ± 0.001
21	6.05 ± 0.11	74.7 ± 1.4	0.040 ± 0.001	0.491 ± 0.009	0.082 ± 0.001	0.082 ± 0.018
22	6.45 ± 0.08	75.6 ± 0.9	0.046 ± 0.001	0.539 ± 0.015	0.048 ± 0.001	0.812 ± 0.014
23	3.68 ± 0.05	44.6 ± 0.6	0.029 ± 0.001	0.352 ± 0.014	0.082 ± 0.001	0.965 ± 0.013
24	6.06 ± 0.09	68.2 ± 0.09	0.044 ± 0.001	0.491 ± 0.013	0.097 ± 0.001	0.582 ± 0.013
25	10.07 ± 0.15	144.7 ± 2.1	0.060 ± 0.001	0.866 ± 0.012	0.042 ± 0.003	0.927 ± 0.006
26	3.39 ± 0.05	42.2 ± 0.7	0.024 ± 0.001	0.300 ± 0.009	0.067 ± 0.002	1.398 ± 0.037
27	4.25 ± 0.06	48.9 ± 0.7	0.032 ± 0.001	0.363 ± 0.005	0.062 ± 0.001	0.527 ± 0.022
28	6.91 ± 0.07	75.5 ± 0.8	0.048 ± 0.001	0.523 ± 0.009	0.077 ± 0.003	0.765 ± 0.009
29	4.94 ± 0.07	68.1 ± 0.7	0.036 ± 0.001	0.494 ± 0.017	0.025 ± 0.001	0.834 ± 0.020
30	3.76 ± 0.08	55.5 ± 1.2	0.030 ± 0.001	0.440 ± 0.007	0.047 ± 0.001	0.541 ± 0.010

Table 2. Characteristics of the grass pea seeds and their extracts: content of total phenolics and antioxidant activity

Total phenolics

TEAC

FRAP

(mg/g extract)

(mmol Trolox/100 g seeds)

(mmol Trolox/g extract)

(mmol Trolox/100 g seeds)

(mmol Fe^2+/g extract)

(mmol Fe2+/100 g seeds)

4.32 ± 0.09

77.3 ± 1.7

0.028 ± 0.001

0.498 ± 0.010

0.049 ± 0.001

0.881 ± 0.019

3.51 ± 0.09

44.8 ± 1.2

0.026 ± 0.002

0.336 ± 0.026

0.053 ± 0.001

0.674 ± 0.010

3.34 ± 0.08

44.7 ± 1.1

0.024 ± 0.001

0.317 ± 0.005

0.053 ± 0.001

0.707 ± 0.020

4.4 ± 0.09

63.9 ± 1.3

0.030 ± 0.001

0.423 ± 0.009

0.072 ± 0.002

1.033 ± 0.025

3.12 ± 0.08

40.2 ± 1.0

0.023 ± 0.001

0.290 ± 0.014

0.059 ± 0.002

0.761 ± 0.022

3.11 ± 0.09

40.9 ± 1.0

0.022 ± 0.001

0.286 ± 0.014

0.046 ± 0.001

0.615 ± 0.011

3.62 ± 0.08

47.5 ± 1.0

0.026 ± 0.001

0.336 ± 0.012

0.043 ± 0.001

0.558 ± 0.010

2.74 ± 0.08

37.7 ± 1.1

0.021 ± 0.001

0.294 ± 0.12

0.060 ± 0.002

0.598 ± 0.032

5.35 ± 0.08

76.3 ± 1.1

0.034 ± 0.001

0.484 ± 0.012

0.044 ± 0.002

0.851 ± 0.022

2.79 ± 0.07

35.9 ± 0.9

0.024 ± 0.001

0.307 ± 0.010

0.067 ± 0.002

0.570 ± 0.021

3.45 ± 0.06

54.2 ± 1.0

0.032 ± 0.001

0.391 ± 0.012

0.058 ± 0.001

0.821 ± 0.014

4.87 ± 0.06

69.5 ± 0.8

0.034 ± 0.001

0.485 ± 0.014

0.060 ± 0.001

0.830 ± 0.016

5.01 ± 0.07

66.2 ± 0.9

0.031 ± 0.001

0.417 ± 0.005

0.052 ± 0.001

0.790 ± 0.025

4.16 ± 0.08

54.9 ± 1.1

0.026 ± 0.001

0.414 ± 0.012

0.047 ± 0.001

0.689 ± 0.008

3.45 ± 0.08

45.1 ± 1.2

0.026 ± 0.001

0.339 ± 0.005

0.048 ± 0.001

0.620 ± 0.009

3.42 ± 0.07

44.6 ± 0.9

0.023 ± 0.001

0.333 ± .010

0.045 ± 0.001

0.630 ± 0.001

2.86 ± 0.07

38.5 ± 1.0

0.026 ± 0.001

0.314 ± 0.07

0.045 ± 0.002

0.612 ± 0.010

3.31 ± 0.08

40.9 ± 1.

0.025 ± 0.001

0.318 ± 0.016

0.050 ± 0.001

0.558 ± 0.020

3.53 ± 0.04

53.4 ± 0.7

0.025 ± 0.001

0.376 ± 0.009

0.043 ± 0.001

0.752 ± 0.015

2.72 ± 0.05

37.1 ± 0.6

0.014 ± 0.001

0.188 ± 0.004

0.066 ± 0.001

0.583 ± 0.001

6.05 ± 0.11

74.7 ± 1.4

0.040 ± 0.001

0.491 ± 0.009

0.082 ± 0.001

0.082 ± 0.018

6.45 ± 0.08

75.6 ± 0.9

0.046 ± 0.001

0.539 ± 0.015

0.048 ± 0.001

0.812 ± 0.014

3.68 ± 0.05

44.6 ± 0.6

0.029 ± 0.001

0.352 ± 0.014

0.082 ± 0.001

0.965 ± 0.013

6.06 ± 0.09

68.2 ± 0.09

0.044 ± 0.001

0.491 ± 0.013

0.097 ± 0.001

0.582 ± 0.013

10.07 ± 0.15

144.7 ± 2.1

0.060 ± 0.001

0.866 ± 0.012

0.042 ± 0.003

0.927 ± 0.006

3.39 ± 0.05

42.2 ± 0.7

0.024 ± 0.001

0.300 ± 0.009

0.067 ± 0.002

1.398 ± 0.037

4.25 ± 0.06

48.9 ± 0.7

0.032 ± 0.001

0.363 ± 0.005

0.062 ± 0.001

0.527 ± 0.022

6.91 ± 0.07

75.5 ± 0.8

0.048 ± 0.001

0.523 ± 0.009

0.077 ± 0.003

0.765 ± 0.009

4.94 ± 0.07

68.1 ± 0.7

0.036 ± 0.001

0.494 ± 0.017

0.025 ± 0.001

0.834 ± 0.020

3.76 ± 0.08

55.5 ± 1.2

0.030 ± 0.001

0.440 ± 0.007

0.047 ± 0.001

0.541 ± 0.010

**Table 3.** Content of phenolic acids in extracts and seeds from two grass pea cultivars
Fraction	Phenolic acids	LAT 451	LAT 494
Free	p-Hydroxybenzoic	0.003 ± 0.000	0.041 ± 0.000	0.003 ± 0.000	0.041 ± 0.000
Protocatechuic	< 0.001	< 0.013	< 0.001	<0.013
Gentisic	0.002 ± 0.000	0.027	0.002 ± 0.001	0.027 ± 0.014
p-Coumaric	0.021 ± 0.003	0.284 ± 0.041	0.020 ± 0.002	0.270 ± 0.027
Ferulic	0.016 ± 0.002	0.216 ± 0.027	< 0.001	<0.013
Syringic	0.300 ± 0.032	4.050 ± 0.432	0.231 ± 0.021	3.119 ± 0.284
Sinapic	0.015 ± 0.001	0.203 ± 0.014	0.006 ± 0.001	0.081 ± 0.013
Acids liberated from esters	p-Hydroxybenzoic	0.002 ± 0.001	0.027 ± 0.014	0.002 ± 0.000	0.027 ± 0.014
Protocatechuic	< 0.001	< 0.013	< 0.001	< 0.013
Gentisic	0.002 ± 0.000	0.027 ± 0.000	0.001 ± 0.000	0.014 ± 0.000
p-Coumaric	0.075 ± 0.004	1.013 ± 0.054	0.050 ± 0.002	0.675 ± 0.027
Ferulic	0.050 ± 0.002	0.675 ± 0.027	0.041 ± 0.001	0.554 ± 0.014
Syringic	0.130 ± 0.010	1.755 ± 0.135	0.328 ± 0.036	4.428 ± 0.486
Sinapic	0.424 ± 0.042	5.724 ± 0.567	0.214 ± 0.035	2.889 ± 0.473
Acids liberated from glycosides	p-Hydroxybenzoic	0.043 ± 0.007	0.581 ± 0.095	0.042 ± 0.005	0.567 ± 0.066
Protocatechuic	0.003 ± 0.000	0.041 ± 0.000	0.001 ± 0.000	0.014 ± 0.000
Gentisic	0.008 ± 0.001	0.108 ± 0.014	0.004 ± 0.000	0.054 ± 0.000
p-Coumaric	0.002 ± 0.000	0.027 ± 0.000	0.002 ± 0.000	0.028 ± 0.000
Ferulic	0.001 ± 0.000	0.014 ± 0.000	0.001 ± 0.001	0.014 ± 0.000
Syringic	0.037 ± 0.004	0.500 ± 0.054	0.014 ± 0.001	0.189 ± 0.014
Sinapic	0.007 ± 0.001	0.095 ± 0.014	0.009 ± 0.001	0.122 ± 0.014

Table 3. Content of phenolic acids in extracts and seeds from two grass pea cultivars

Fraction

Phenolic acids

LAT 451

LAT 494

(mg/g extract)

(mg/100 g seeds)

(mg/g extract)

(mg/100 g seeds)

Free

p-Hydroxybenzoic

0.003 ± 0.000

0.041 ± 0.000

0.003 ± 0.000

0.041 ± 0.000

Protocatechuic

< 0.001

< 0.013

< 0.001

<0.013

Gentisic

0.002 ± 0.000

0.027

0.002 ± 0.001

0.027 ± 0.014

p-Coumaric

0.021 ± 0.003

0.284 ± 0.041

0.020 ± 0.002

0.270 ± 0.027

Ferulic

0.016 ± 0.002

0.216 ± 0.027

< 0.001

<0.013

Syringic

0.300 ± 0.032

4.050 ± 0.432

0.231 ± 0.021

3.119 ± 0.284

Sinapic

0.015 ± 0.001

0.203 ± 0.014

0.006 ± 0.001

0.081 ± 0.013

Acids liberated from esters

p-Hydroxybenzoic

0.002 ± 0.001

0.027 ± 0.014

0.002 ± 0.000

0.027 ± 0.014

Protocatechuic

< 0.001

< 0.013

< 0.001

< 0.013

Gentisic

0.002 ± 0.000

0.027 ± 0.000

0.001 ± 0.000

0.014 ± 0.000

p-Coumaric

0.075 ± 0.004

1.013 ± 0.054

0.050 ± 0.002

0.675 ± 0.027

Ferulic

0.050 ± 0.002

0.675 ± 0.027

0.041 ± 0.001

0.554 ± 0.014

Syringic

0.130 ± 0.010

1.755 ± 0.135

0.328 ± 0.036

4.428 ± 0.486

Sinapic

0.424 ± 0.042

5.724 ± 0.567

0.214 ± 0.035

2.889 ± 0.473

Acids liberated from glycosides

p-Hydroxybenzoic

0.043 ± 0.007

0.581 ± 0.095

0.042 ± 0.005

0.567 ± 0.066

Protocatechuic

0.003 ± 0.000

0.041 ± 0.000

0.001 ± 0.000

0.014 ± 0.000

Gentisic

0.008 ± 0.001

0.108 ± 0.014

0.004 ± 0.000

0.054 ± 0.000

p-Coumaric

0.002 ± 0.000

0.027 ± 0.000

0.002 ± 0.000

0.028 ± 0.000

Ferulic

0.001 ± 0.000

0.014 ± 0.000

0.001 ± 0.001

0.014 ± 0.000

Syringic

0.037 ± 0.004

0.500 ± 0.054

0.014 ± 0.001

0.189 ± 0.014

Sinapic

0.007 ± 0.001

0.095 ± 0.014

0.009 ± 0.001

0.122 ± 0.014

**Table 4.** Content of flavonoids in extracts and seeds from two grass pea cultivars
Flavonoids	LAT 451	LAT 494
Rutin	0.003 ± 0.000	0.041 ± 0.000	0.003 ± 0.000	0.041 ± 0.000
Isorhamnetin	0.001 ± 0.000	0.014 ± 0.000	0.001 ± 0.000	0.014 ± 0.000
Epicatechin	0.012 ± 0.001	0.162 ± 0.014	0.013 ± 0.001	0.176 ± 0.014

Table 4. Content of flavonoids in extracts and seeds from two grass pea cultivars

Flavonoids

LAT 451

LAT 494

(mg/g extract)

(mg/100 g seeds)

(mg/g extract)

(mg/100 g seeds)

Rutin

0.003 ± 0.000

0.041 ± 0.000

0.003 ± 0.000

0.041 ± 0.000

Isorhamnetin

0.001 ± 0.000

0.014 ± 0.000

0.001 ± 0.000

0.014 ± 0.000

Epicatechin

0.012 ± 0.001

0.162 ± 0.014

0.013 ± 0.001

0.176 ± 0.014