J Food Bioact

Journal of Food Bioactives, ISSN 2637-8752 print, 2637-8779 online

Journal website www.isnff-jfb.com

Review

Volume 1, March 2018, pages 2-30

Underutilised fruits: a review of phytochemistry and biological properties

**Table 1.** Ethnobotanical uses of selected Malaysian underutilised fruits
Family	Species	Local Name	Use	Reference
Anacardiaceae	Bouea macrophylla	Kundang	Freshly eaten as salad, processed into pickle and used as cooking ingredients (whole ripe fruit). Serves as ornamental fruit tree	Khoo et al., 2016; Rajan et al., 2014; Rajan and Bhat, 2016; Salma et al., 2006
Mangifera caesia	Binjai	Freshly eaten (ripe flesh), processed into pickle and used as food additive. Treatment of cold, body itchiness, high blood pressure and bronchitis	Mirfat et al., 2015; Mirfat et al., 2016; Gerten et al., 2015
Mangifera foetida	Bacang	Freshly eaten (ripe flesh), processed into pickle, used as salad and as food additives (unripe flesh). Seeds used against trichophytosis, scabies and eczema	Khoo et al., 2016; Mirfat et al., 2015; Mirfat et al., 2016; Salma et al., 2006
Mangifera laurina	Mempelam air	Source of food. Treatment of shingles	Gerten et al., 2015; Mirfat et al., 2015; Mirfat et al., 2016
Mangifera longipetiolata	Sepam	Source of food	Mirfat et al., 2015; Mirfat et al., 2016
Mangifera odorata	Kuini	Freshly eaten (ripe flesh), processed into pickle and jam, used as salad and food additives (unripe flesh)	Gerten et al., 2015; Mirfat et al., 2015; Mirfat et al., 2016; Salma et al., 2006
Mangifera pajang	Bambangan	Freshly eaten (ripe flesh), processed into pickle (flesh, peel and kernel) and used as food additives (unripe flesh). Peels are used in different fruit ingredients or incorporated in food products. Treatment of scabies, ulcer, winds, etc.	Abu Bakar and Fry, 2013; Azlan et al., 2013; Gerten et al., 2015; Hassan et al., 2011; Mirfat et al., 2015; Mirfat et al., 2016; Salma et al., 2006
Mangifera pentandra	Mempelam bemban / Asam pauh	Freshly eaten, processed into pickle, jam, chutney and used in cooking dishes (unripe flesh and seed). Treatment of piles and gastric pain. Increase men’s health	Gerten et al., 2015; Mirfat et al., 2015; Mirfat et al., 2016; Salma et al., 2006
Arecaceae	Nypa fruticans	Nipah	Freshly eaten (unripe fruits). Sap (obtained from the inflorescence stalk) is used to produce alcoholic drink, beverage, vinegar, sweets, sugar and syrup	Sum et al., 2013; Prasad et al., 2013
Salacca conferta	Asam kelubi	Source of food	Ikram et al., 2009
Bombacaceae	Durio kutejensis	Durian nyekak	Freshly eaten (ripe flesh)	Voon and Kueh, 1999; Khoo et al., 2016
Burseraceae	Canarium odontophyllum	Dabai	Freshly eaten, made into jam, pickle and used as salad and cooking ingredients (ripe flesh)	Ali Hassan et al., 2013b; Azlan et al., 2010; Basri, et al., 2014a; Khoo et al., 2012b; Salma et al., 2006
Dacryodes rostrata	Kembayau	Source of food; fruits soaked in warm water before consumption. Preserved with salt or soy sauce, and eaten as appetisers with rice or porridge	Kong et al., 2011; Salma et al., 2006; Tee et al., 2014
Euphorbiaceae	Baccaurea angulata	Tampoi belimbing / Belimbing dayak	Source of food	Jauhari et al., 2013; Momand, 2014
Baccaurea lanceolata	Liposu / Limpaung	Source of food	Bakar et al., 2014
Baccaurea macrocarpa	Tampoi putih	Freshly eaten (ripe flesh)	Abu Bakar et al., 2014; Khoo et al., 2016; Salma et al., 2006
Baccaurea motleyana	Rambai	Freshly eaten and made into jam (ripe flesh)	Khoo et al., 2016; Mokhtar et al., 2014; Salma et al., 2006
Baccaurea polyneura	Jentik-jentik	Freshly eaten	Salma et al., 2006
Fabaceae	Cynometra cauliflora	Nam-nam	Freshly eaten as salad and cooking ingredients (ripe flesh). Used as traditional medicine and ornamental purpose	Abd Aziz and Mohammad, 2013; Khoo et al., 2016; Tajudin et al., 2012
Flacourtiaceae	Flacourtia jangomas	Kerekup	Treatment of stomachic diarrhea, inflammation, skin disease, jaundice, tumours, nausea, dyspepsia and diabetes	Mohamed, 2012
Flacourtia rukam	Rokam	Source of food	Salma et al., 2006
Gnetaceae	Gnetum gnemon	Belinjau / Melinjau	Seeds are prepared as crackers, in cooking dishes (soup) and as coffee substitute	Bhat and Yahya, 2014; Voon and Kueh, 1999
Guttiferae	Garcinia atroviridis	Asam gelugor	Normally dried (flesh) and used as food additives. Leaves used as vegetable and salad. Treatment of cough, dandruff, earache, throat irritation, high blood pressure, itchiness, post-natal treatment and metal cleaning	Al-Mansoub et al., 2014; Gerten et al., 2015; Salma et al., 2006
Garcinia dulcis	Mundu	Freshly eaten (flesh), processed into pickle and used as cooking ingredients Treatment of lymphatitis, parotitis and goitre	Abu Bakar et al., 2015
Garcinia hombroniana	Beruas	Freshly eaten (flesh)	Khoo et al., 2016
Garcinia parvifolia	Kundong	Freshly eaten (ripe flesh), processed into pickle (unripe) and dried flesh used as food additives. Treatment of cough, sore throat, swelling and post-natal treatment	Gerten et al., 2015; Salma et al., 2006
Garcinia prainiana	Cerapu	Freshly eaten (ripe flesh) and used in cooking dishes (unripe)	Salma et al., 2006
Lauraceae	Litsea garciae	Engkala / Pengolaban	Freshly eaten (flesh) and used in cooking dishes (seed). Treatment of boils and fever	Ali Hassan et al., 2013a; Husen, 2015; Salma et al., 2006
Leguminosae	Parkia speciosa	Petai	Freshly eaten (fruit or cotyledon) and used in cooking dishes. Diuretic and relaxing properties. Treatment of high blood pressure, diabetes, and has antibacterial effects on kidney, ureter and urinary bladder	Ko et al., 2014; Salma et al., 2006; Voon and Kueh, 1999
Meliaceae	Sandoricum macropodum	Sentol	Source of food	Ikram et al., 2009
Moraceae	Artocarpus altilis	Sukun	Immature or ripe fruits (flesh) are eaten after boiling, baking, roasting or frying. Used as cooking ingredient. Serves as traditional medicine, clothing and animal feed	Anupunt et al., 2003; Jalal et al., 2015; Salma et al., 2006
Artocarpus odoratissimus	Tarap / Terap	Freshly eaten (ripe flesh) and made into crackers (seed)	Abu Bakar et al., 2009; Salma et al., 2006
Myrtaceae	Syzygium jambos	Jambu mawar	Freshly eaten, made into jam and served as dessert (whole ripe fruit). Ripe fruits used as a tonic for brain and liver and as a diuretic; seeds for treatment of diarrhea, dysentery and catarrh	Khoo et al., 2016
Syzygium malaccense	Jambu bol	Freshly eaten (whole ripe fruit), as pickle and used in cooking dishes (unripe fruit). Fruit decoction as a febrifuge. Flatulent and antithirst	Khoo et al., 2016; Wetwitayaklung et al., 2012
Oxalidaceae	Averrhoa bilimbi	Belimbing buluh	Freshly eaten as salad, made into pickle and used in cooking dishes (whole ripe fruit). Treatment of fever, cold, coughs, pimples, itches, boils, beriberi, biliousness, inflammation of the rectum, internal haemorrhoids, hypertension, diabetes, syphilis and rheumatism	Abraham, 2016; Khoo et al., 2016; Muhamad et al., 2014; Noor and Noriham, 2014; Salma et al., 2006
Pandanaceae	Pandanus tectorius	Pandan laut	Source of food (keys)	Andriani et al., 2015
Phyllanthaceae	Phyllanthus emblica	Buah Melaka	Freshly eaten (ripe flesh), as pickle and used in cooking dishes (unripe flesh). Treat cough and asthma. Remedies for hepatic disorders	Khoo et al., 2016; Kubola et al., 2011
Rhamnaceae	Ziziphus mauritania	Bidara	Freshly eaten as salad or pickle, and used in cooking dishes (whole ripe fruit). Ripe fruits for treatment of sore throat and cough; seeds for treatment of diarrhea and weakness of stomach	Khoo et al., 2016
Rosaceae	Rubus moluccanus	Wild berry	No report	Abu Bakar et al., 2016
Rubus fraxinifolius	Wild berry	No report	Abu Bakar et al., 2016
Rubus alpestris	Wild berry	No report	Abu Bakar et al., 2016
Rutaceae	Citrus hystrix	Limau purut	Source of food	Abd Ghafar et al., 2010
Citrus aurantifolia	Limau nipis	Source of food and food additives. Relieve body from winds and eliminate body odour	Abd Ghafar et al., 2010; Gerten et al., 2015
Citrus microcarpa	Limau kasturi	Source of food and food additives—eliminates fishy smell of fish. Used as seasoning	Abd Ghafar et al., 2010; Cheong et al., 2012; Gerten et al., 2015
Sapotaceae	Pouteria campechiana	Kuning telur	Source of food	Kong et al., 2013
Sapindaceae	Dimorcarpus longan	Isau	Freshly eaten	Salma et al., 2006
Lepisanthes rubiginosa	Mertajam	Source of food	Ikram et al., 2009
Nephelium malaiense	Mata kucing	Source of food	Ikram et al., 2009
Nephelium ramboutan-ake	Pulasan / Meritam	Freshly eaten and used as cooking ingredients. Treatment of scabbies and itchiness	Gerten et al., 2015; Salma et al., 2006
Pometia sp	Lenggeng	Source of food	Ikram et al., 2009
Solanaceae	Cyphomandra betacea	Buah cinta / tamarillo	Source of food	Ali Hassan and Abu Bakar, 2013

Table 1. Ethnobotanical uses of selected Malaysian underutilised fruits

Family

Species

Local Name

Use

Reference

Anacardiaceae

Bouea macrophylla

Kundang

Freshly eaten as salad, processed into pickle and used as cooking ingredients (whole ripe fruit). Serves as ornamental fruit tree

Khoo et al., 2016; Rajan et al., 2014; Rajan and Bhat, 2016; Salma et al., 2006

Mangifera caesia

Binjai

Freshly eaten (ripe flesh), processed into pickle and used as food additive. Treatment of cold, body itchiness, high blood pressure and bronchitis

Mirfat et al., 2015; Mirfat et al., 2016; Gerten et al., 2015

Mangifera foetida

Bacang

Freshly eaten (ripe flesh), processed into pickle, used as salad and as food additives (unripe flesh). Seeds used against trichophytosis, scabies and eczema

Khoo et al., 2016; Mirfat et al., 2015; Mirfat et al., 2016; Salma et al., 2006

Mangifera laurina

Mempelam air

Source of food. Treatment of shingles

Gerten et al., 2015; Mirfat et al., 2015; Mirfat et al., 2016

Mangifera longipetiolata

Sepam

Source of food

Mirfat et al., 2015; Mirfat et al., 2016

Mangifera odorata

Kuini

Freshly eaten (ripe flesh), processed into pickle and jam, used as salad and food additives (unripe flesh)

Gerten et al., 2015; Mirfat et al., 2015; Mirfat et al., 2016; Salma et al., 2006

Mangifera pajang

Bambangan

Freshly eaten (ripe flesh), processed into pickle (flesh, peel and kernel) and used as food additives (unripe flesh). Peels are used in different fruit ingredients or incorporated in food products. Treatment of scabies, ulcer, winds, etc.

Abu Bakar and Fry, 2013; Azlan et al., 2013; Gerten et al., 2015; Hassan et al., 2011; Mirfat et al., 2015; Mirfat et al., 2016; Salma et al., 2006

Mangifera pentandra

Mempelam bemban / Asam pauh

Freshly eaten, processed into pickle, jam, chutney and used in cooking dishes (unripe flesh and seed). Treatment of piles and gastric pain. Increase men’s health

Gerten et al., 2015; Mirfat et al., 2015; Mirfat et al., 2016; Salma et al., 2006

Arecaceae

Nypa fruticans

Nipah

Freshly eaten (unripe fruits). Sap (obtained from the inflorescence stalk) is used to produce alcoholic drink, beverage, vinegar, sweets, sugar and syrup

Sum et al., 2013; Prasad et al., 2013

Salacca conferta

Asam kelubi

Source of food

Ikram et al., 2009

Bombacaceae

Durio kutejensis

Durian nyekak

Freshly eaten (ripe flesh)

Voon and Kueh, 1999; Khoo et al., 2016

Burseraceae

Canarium odontophyllum

Dabai

Freshly eaten, made into jam, pickle and used as salad and cooking ingredients (ripe flesh)

Ali Hassan et al., 2013b; Azlan et al., 2010; Basri, et al., 2014a; Khoo et al., 2012b; Salma et al., 2006

Dacryodes rostrata

Kembayau

Source of food; fruits soaked in warm water before consumption. Preserved with salt or soy sauce, and eaten as appetisers with rice or porridge

Kong et al., 2011; Salma et al., 2006; Tee et al., 2014

Euphorbiaceae

Baccaurea angulata

Tampoi belimbing / Belimbing dayak

Source of food

Jauhari et al., 2013; Momand, 2014

Baccaurea lanceolata

Liposu / Limpaung

Source of food

Bakar et al., 2014

Baccaurea macrocarpa

Tampoi putih

Freshly eaten (ripe flesh)

Abu Bakar et al., 2014; Khoo et al., 2016; Salma et al., 2006

Baccaurea motleyana

Rambai

Freshly eaten and made into jam (ripe flesh)

Khoo et al., 2016; Mokhtar et al., 2014; Salma et al., 2006

Baccaurea polyneura

Jentik-jentik

Freshly eaten

Salma et al., 2006

Fabaceae

Cynometra cauliflora

Nam-nam

Freshly eaten as salad and cooking ingredients (ripe flesh). Used as traditional medicine and ornamental purpose

Abd Aziz and Mohammad, 2013; Khoo et al., 2016; Tajudin et al., 2012

Flacourtiaceae

Flacourtia jangomas

Kerekup

Treatment of stomachic diarrhea, inflammation, skin disease, jaundice, tumours, nausea, dyspepsia and diabetes

Mohamed, 2012

Flacourtia rukam

Rokam

Source of food

Salma et al., 2006

Gnetaceae

Gnetum gnemon

Belinjau / Melinjau

Seeds are prepared as crackers, in cooking dishes (soup) and as coffee substitute

Bhat and Yahya, 2014; Voon and Kueh, 1999

Guttiferae

Garcinia atroviridis

Asam gelugor

Normally dried (flesh) and used as food additives. Leaves used as vegetable and salad. Treatment of cough, dandruff, earache, throat irritation, high blood pressure, itchiness, post-natal treatment and metal cleaning

Al-Mansoub et al., 2014; Gerten et al., 2015; Salma et al., 2006

Garcinia dulcis

Mundu

Freshly eaten (flesh), processed into pickle and used as cooking ingredients Treatment of lymphatitis, parotitis and goitre

Abu Bakar et al., 2015

Garcinia hombroniana

Beruas

Freshly eaten (flesh)

Khoo et al., 2016

Garcinia parvifolia

Kundong

Freshly eaten (ripe flesh), processed into pickle (unripe) and dried flesh used as food additives. Treatment of cough, sore throat, swelling and post-natal treatment

Gerten et al., 2015; Salma et al., 2006

Garcinia prainiana

Cerapu

Freshly eaten (ripe flesh) and used in cooking dishes (unripe)

Salma et al., 2006

Lauraceae

Litsea garciae

Engkala / Pengolaban

Freshly eaten (flesh) and used in cooking dishes (seed). Treatment of boils and fever

Ali Hassan et al., 2013a; Husen, 2015; Salma et al., 2006

Leguminosae

Parkia speciosa

Petai

Freshly eaten (fruit or cotyledon) and used in cooking dishes. Diuretic and relaxing properties. Treatment of high blood pressure, diabetes, and has antibacterial effects on kidney, ureter and urinary bladder

Ko et al., 2014; Salma et al., 2006; Voon and Kueh, 1999

Meliaceae

Sandoricum macropodum

Sentol

Source of food

Ikram et al., 2009

Moraceae

Artocarpus altilis

Sukun

Immature or ripe fruits (flesh) are eaten after boiling, baking, roasting or frying. Used as cooking ingredient. Serves as traditional medicine, clothing and animal feed

Anupunt et al., 2003; Jalal et al., 2015; Salma et al., 2006

Artocarpus odoratissimus

Tarap / Terap

Freshly eaten (ripe flesh) and made into crackers (seed)

Abu Bakar et al., 2009; Salma et al., 2006

Myrtaceae

Syzygium jambos

Jambu mawar

Freshly eaten, made into jam and served as dessert (whole ripe fruit). Ripe fruits used as a tonic for brain and liver and as a diuretic; seeds for treatment of diarrhea, dysentery and catarrh

Khoo et al., 2016

Syzygium malaccense

Jambu bol

Freshly eaten (whole ripe fruit), as pickle and used in cooking dishes (unripe fruit). Fruit decoction as a febrifuge. Flatulent and antithirst

Khoo et al., 2016; Wetwitayaklung et al., 2012

Oxalidaceae

Averrhoa bilimbi

Belimbing buluh

Freshly eaten as salad, made into pickle and used in cooking dishes (whole ripe fruit). Treatment of fever, cold, coughs, pimples, itches, boils, beriberi, biliousness, inflammation of the rectum, internal haemorrhoids, hypertension, diabetes, syphilis and rheumatism

Abraham, 2016; Khoo et al., 2016; Muhamad et al., 2014; Noor and Noriham, 2014; Salma et al., 2006

Pandanaceae

Pandanus tectorius

Pandan laut

Source of food (keys)

Andriani et al., 2015

Phyllanthaceae

Phyllanthus emblica

Buah Melaka

Freshly eaten (ripe flesh), as pickle and used in cooking dishes (unripe flesh). Treat cough and asthma. Remedies for hepatic disorders

Khoo et al., 2016; Kubola et al., 2011

Rhamnaceae

Ziziphus mauritania

Bidara

Freshly eaten as salad or pickle, and used in cooking dishes (whole ripe fruit). Ripe fruits for treatment of sore throat and cough; seeds for treatment of diarrhea and weakness of stomach

Khoo et al., 2016

Rosaceae

Rubus moluccanus

Wild berry

No report

Abu Bakar et al., 2016

Rubus fraxinifolius

Wild berry

No report

Abu Bakar et al., 2016

Rubus alpestris

Wild berry

No report

Abu Bakar et al., 2016

Rutaceae

Citrus hystrix

Limau purut

Source of food

Abd Ghafar et al., 2010

Citrus aurantifolia

Limau nipis

Source of food and food additives. Relieve body from winds and eliminate body odour

Abd Ghafar et al., 2010; Gerten et al., 2015

Citrus microcarpa

Limau kasturi

Source of food and food additives—eliminates fishy smell of fish. Used as seasoning

Abd Ghafar et al., 2010; Cheong et al., 2012; Gerten et al., 2015

Sapotaceae

Pouteria campechiana

Kuning telur

Source of food

Kong et al., 2013

Sapindaceae

Dimorcarpus longan

Isau

Freshly eaten

Salma et al., 2006

Lepisanthes rubiginosa

Mertajam

Source of food

Ikram et al., 2009

Nephelium malaiense

Mata kucing

Source of food

Ikram et al., 2009

Nephelium ramboutan-ake

Pulasan / Meritam

Freshly eaten and used as cooking ingredients. Treatment of scabbies and itchiness

Gerten et al., 2015; Salma et al., 2006

Pometia sp

Lenggeng

Source of food

Ikram et al., 2009

Solanaceae

Cyphomandra betacea

Buah cinta / tamarillo

Source of food

Ali Hassan and Abu Bakar, 2013

**Table 2.** Phytochemical compounds from different parts of Malaysian underutilised fruits
Species	Part	Compound	Classification	Reference
Artocarpus odoratissimus	Pulp	Quercetin, caffeic acid, p-coumaric acid, naringin	Phenolics	Abu Bakar et al., 2010
Seed	Kaempferol, ferulic acid, diosmin, caffeic acid, p-coumaric acid, chlorogenic acid, hesperidin, naringin	Phenolics
Baccaurea angulata	Peel	Catechin, ,ascorbic acid, vanillic acid, carnosic acid, cinnamic acid, caffeic acid, myricetin	Phenolics	Ahmed et al., 2013; Ahmed et al., 2015
Pulp	Catechin, ,ascorbic acid, vanillic acid, carnosic acid, cinnamic acid, caffeic acid, myricetin	Phenolics	Ahmed et al., 2013; Ahmed et al., 2015
Whole fruit	Catechin, ,ascorbic acid, vanillic acid, carnosic acid, cinnamic acid, caffeic acid, myricetin	Phenolics	Ahmed et al., 2013; Ahmed et al., 2015
Baccaurea motleyana	Pulp	Citric acid, tartaric acid, malic acid, oxalic acid	Organic acids	Mokhtar et al., 2014
Bouea macrophylla	Pulp	Alpha-cadinol, delta-cadinene, tumerone, alpha-muurolene, alpha-terpineol, candin-4-en-10-ol, 1,10-di-epi-cubenol, (e,e)-alpha-farnesene, alpha-muurolol, (E)-beta-ionone, delta-cadinene, 5,6-decanedione, acetophenone and acetyl valery Hexanedioic acid, bis (2-ethyl) ester Pentanoic acid, 2-propanoic acid, trimethylacetic anhydride, N-hexadecanoic acid, dodecanoic acid, oleic acid α-terpineol, β-terpineol, thymol, myristic acid, eugenol, octanal, non-anal	Terpenes Ketones Esters Acids	Rajan et al., 2014
Canarium odontophyllum	Pulp	Catechin, epicatechin, epigallocatechin, epicatechin gallate, methyl gallate, ellagic acid, vanillic acid, protocatechuic acid	Phenolics	Khoo et al., 2012a
	All-trans-β-carotene, 13-cis-β-carotene, all-trans-lutein, 9-cis-lutein, 13-cis-lutein, di-cis-β-carotene, 15-cis-β-carotene, 9-cis-β-carotene	Carotenoids	Prasad et al., 2011a
Peel	Catechin, epicatechin, epigallocatechin, epicatechin gallate, methyl gallate, ellagic acid, vanillic acid, apigenin, protocatechuic acid, delphinidin, cyanidin, pelargonidin, cyanidin-3-glucoside, cyanidin-3-galactoside , cyanidin-3-arabinoside, pelargonidin-3-glucoside, malvidin-3-glucoside, peonidin-3-glucoside	Phenolics	Khoo et al., 2012a; Khoo et al., 2013
All-trans-β-carotene, 13-cis-β-carotene, all-trans-lutein, 9-cis-lutein, 13-cis-lutein, di-cis-β-carotene, 15-cis-β-carotene, 9-cis-β-carotene	Carotenoids	Prasad et al., 2011a
Pulp with peel	Catechin, epicatechin, epicatechin gallate, epigallocatechin, methyl gallate, ethyl gallate, ellagic acid, vanillic acid, apigenin, protocatechuic acid, delphinidin, cyanidin, pelargonidin	Phenolics	Khoo et al., 2012a
Pericarp	Cyanidin-3-glucoside, cyanidin-3-galactoside , cyanidin-3-arabinoside	Phenolics	Khoo et al., 2013
Seed	All-trans-β-carotene, 13-cis-β-carotene, all-trans-lutein, 9-cis-lutein, 13-cis-lutein, di-cis-β-carotene, 15-cis-β-carotene, 9-cis-β-carotene	Carotenoids	Prasad et al., 2011a
Dacryodes rostrata	Seed	Gallic acid, epigallocatechin, chlorogenic acid, apigenin 7-(4″-Z-p-coumarylglucoside), 1-caffeoyl-4-deoxyquinic acid, 5-O-caffeoylshikimic acid, (±)-catechin, syringic acid, ellagic acid, (-)-epicatechin 3-O-gallate	Phenolics	Tee et al., 2015
Garcinia dulcis	Pulp	5-hydroxymethylfurfural, 2,5-furandione, 3-methyl, furfural, 1-butanol, 2-methyl-, propanoate (CAS) 2-methylbutyl propionate, catechol, 2,5-furandione, dihydro-3-methylene-, 4H-pyran-4-one, 2,3-dihydro-3,5-dihydroxy-6-methyl-, furyl hydroxymethyl ketone, D-allose, 2,4-dihydroxy-2,5-dimethyl-3(2H)-furan-3-one, 1,6-anhydro-alpha-d-galactofuranose, 5,5′-oxy-dimethylene-bis(2-furaldehyde), 1,4-dioxadiene, 1,3,5-triazine-2,4,6-triamine, n-hexadecanoic acid, 1,3,5-triazine-2,4,6-triamine, octadecanoic acid, heptadecene-(8)-carbonic acid-(1), 2-furanmethanol	Terpenoids	Abu Bakar et al., 2015
Litsea garciae	Pulp	Viniferin, cyanidin, ferulic acid	Phenolics	Husen, 2015
Seed	Dihydroquercetin, p-coumaroyl tartaric acid, caffeoyl tartaric acid, cinnamoyl glucose	Phenolics
Cupule	Ferulic acid, cinnamoyl glucose, epigallocatechin	Phenolics
Peel	Viniferin, elphinidin 3,5-O-diglucoside, cinnamoyl glucose	Phenolics
Mangifera caesia	Pulp	Gallic acid, vanillic acid, mangiferin	Phenolics	Sulaiman and Ooi, 2012
Mangifera foetida	Pulp	Mangiferin, gallic acid, protocatechuic acid, vanillic acid	Phenolics	Sulaiman and Ooi, 2012
Mangifera odorata	Pulp	Mangiferin, gallic acid, vanillic acid	Phenolics	Sulaiman and Ooi, 2012
Mangifera pajang	Peel	Pyrogallic acid, gallic acid, catechin, epicatechin, mangiferin, rutin, protocatechuic acid, chlorogenic acid, methyl gallate, 4-hydroxy- benzoic acid, vanillic acid, ethyl gallate, p-coumaric acid, ferulic acid, ellagic acid, morin, daidzein, kaempferol, luteolin, diosmin, quercetin, naringin, hesperidin, caffeic acid, chlorogenic acid, sinapic acid	Phenolics	Abu Bakar et al., 2010; Ahmad et al., 2015; Hassan et al., 2011; Prasad et al., 2011b
Pulp	Luteolin, kaempferol, quercetin, naringin, hesperidin, caffeic acid, p-coumaric acid, chlorogenic acid	Phenolics	Abu Bakar et al., 2010
Kernel	Methyl gallate and a mixture of benzaldehyde and benzyl alcohol together with β-sitosterol	Phenolic esters	Abu Bakar et al., 2010;
Diosmin, rutin, mangiferonic acid, ferulic acid, gallic acid, p-coumaric acid, caffeic acid, sinapic acid, chlorogenic acid, naringin, hesperidin	Phenolics	Ahmad et al., 2015
Mangifera pentandra	Pulp	Mangiferin, gallic acid, p-hydroxybenzoic acid, protocatechuic acid	Phenolics	Sulaiman and Ooi, 2012
Mangifera quadrifida	Pulp	Mangiferin, gallic acid, protocatechuic acid, p-hydroxybenzoic acid, vanillic acid	Phenolics	Sulaiman and Ooi, 2012
Nypa fruticans	Endosperm	Chlorogenic acid, protocatechuic acid, kaempferol, rutin, quercetin, cinnamic acid, hydroxybenzoic acid and gallic acid	Phenolics	Prasad et al., 2013
Parkia speciosa	Empty pod	Gallic acid, ellagic acid, catechin, quercetin, epicatechin, vanillic acid, kaempferol, chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, cinnamic acid, hydroxybenzoic acid, ferulic acid and p-coumaric acid	Phenolics	Ko et al., 2014
Rubus moluccanus	Whole fruit	2-propenoic acid, 2-propenyl ester, pyruvate, furfural, 1,3-butadiene-1-carboxylic acid, propenoic acid, 2-methyl-, methyl ester, dl-glyceraldehyde dimer, 2(1H)-pyridinone, 6-hydroxy-2,4-dihydroxy-2,5-dimethyl-3(2H)-furan-3-one, pentanoic acid, 4-oxo-, 2-hydroxy-3-methyl-4-pyrone, isopropylmethylnitrosamine, 2,4-dihydroxy-2,5-dimethyl-3(2H)-furan-3-one, hydroxymethyl furfural, 1,1,2-triacetoxyethane, butanedioic acid, 2-hydroxy-2-methyl, (S)-, benzeneacetic acid, 4-hydroxy-,methyl ester, succinic acid, 3-methylbutyl pentyl ester, β-D-glucopyranoside,methyl, quinic acid, β-tocopherol, δ-sitosterol	Terpenoids	Abu Bakar et al., 2016
Rubus fraxinifolius	Whole fruit	2-propenoic acid, 2-propenyl ester, furfural, 1,3-butadiene-1-carboxylic acid, 2(1H)-pyridinone, 6-hydroxy-, 2,4-dihydroxy-2,5-dimethyl-3(2H)-furan-3-one, 1,1,2-triacetoxyethane, 3-deoxy-d-mannoic lactone	Terpenoids	Abu Bakar et al., 2016
Rubus alpestris	Whole fruit	Furfural, 2(1H)-pyridinone, 6-hydroxy-, 2,4-dihydroxy-2,5-dimethyl-3(2H)-furan-3-one, furaneol, 1H-imidazole-4-carboxylic acid, methyl ester, 2,4-dihydroxy-2,5-dimethyl-3(2H)-furan-3-one, 5-hydroxymethylfurfural, butane, 1,1′-1 (isopentyloxy) methoxy]-3-methylbutane, rhamnose, 5,5′-oxy-dimethylene-bis (2-furaldehyde), β-tocopherol, stigmast-5-en-3-ol	Terpenoids	Abu Bakar et al., 2016
Syzigium jambos	Pulp	3-phenylpropan-1-ol, (E)-cinnamyl alcohol, (Z)-hex-3-en-l-ol, hexanol, hexanal, (Z)-hex-3-enal, linalool, myrcene, geraniol, citronellol, nerol, α-terpineol, cis-rose oxide, geranial, limonene, (E)-β-ocimene, trans-rose oxide, α-cubebene, δ-cadinene	Terpenoids	Wong and Lai, 1996
Syzigium malaccense	Pulp	Limonene, linalool, geraniol, nerol, δ-cadinene, α-selinene, humulene	Terpenoids	Wong and Lai, 1996

Table 2. Phytochemical compounds from different parts of Malaysian underutilised fruits

Species

Part

Compound

Classification

Reference

Artocarpus odoratissimus

Pulp

Quercetin, caffeic acid, p-coumaric acid, naringin

Phenolics

Abu Bakar et al., 2010

Seed

Kaempferol, ferulic acid, diosmin, caffeic acid, p-coumaric acid, chlorogenic acid, hesperidin, naringin

Phenolics

Baccaurea angulata

Peel

Catechin, ,ascorbic acid, vanillic acid, carnosic acid, cinnamic acid, caffeic acid, myricetin

Phenolics

Ahmed et al., 2013; Ahmed et al., 2015

Pulp

Catechin, ,ascorbic acid, vanillic acid, carnosic acid, cinnamic acid, caffeic acid, myricetin

Phenolics

Ahmed et al., 2013; Ahmed et al., 2015

Whole fruit

Catechin, ,ascorbic acid, vanillic acid, carnosic acid, cinnamic acid, caffeic acid, myricetin

Phenolics

Ahmed et al., 2013; Ahmed et al., 2015

Baccaurea motleyana

Pulp

Citric acid, tartaric acid, malic acid, oxalic acid

Organic acids

Mokhtar et al., 2014

Bouea macrophylla

Pulp

Alpha-cadinol, delta-cadinene, tumerone, alpha-muurolene, alpha-terpineol, candin-4-en-10-ol, 1,10-di-epi-cubenol, (e,e)-alpha-farnesene, alpha-muurolol, (E)-beta-ionone, delta-cadinene, 5,6-decanedione, acetophenone and acetyl valery
Hexanedioic acid, bis (2-ethyl) ester
Pentanoic acid, 2-propanoic acid, trimethylacetic anhydride, N-hexadecanoic acid, dodecanoic acid, oleic acid
α-terpineol, β-terpineol, thymol, myristic acid, eugenol, octanal, non-anal

Terpenes
Ketones
Esters
Acids

Rajan et al., 2014

Canarium odontophyllum

Pulp

Catechin, epicatechin, epigallocatechin, epicatechin gallate, methyl gallate, ellagic acid, vanillic acid, protocatechuic acid

Phenolics

Khoo et al., 2012a

All-trans-β-carotene, 13-cis-β-carotene, all-trans-lutein, 9-cis-lutein, 13-cis-lutein, di-cis-β-carotene, 15-cis-β-carotene, 9-cis-β-carotene

Carotenoids

Prasad et al., 2011a

Peel

Catechin, epicatechin, epigallocatechin, epicatechin gallate, methyl gallate, ellagic acid, vanillic acid, apigenin, protocatechuic acid, delphinidin, cyanidin, pelargonidin, cyanidin-3-glucoside, cyanidin-3-galactoside , cyanidin-3-arabinoside, pelargonidin-3-glucoside, malvidin-3-glucoside, peonidin-3-glucoside

Phenolics

Khoo et al., 2012a; Khoo et al., 2013

All-trans-β-carotene, 13-cis-β-carotene, all-trans-lutein, 9-cis-lutein, 13-cis-lutein, di-cis-β-carotene, 15-cis-β-carotene, 9-cis-β-carotene

Carotenoids

Prasad et al., 2011a

Pulp with peel

Catechin, epicatechin, epicatechin gallate, epigallocatechin, methyl gallate, ethyl gallate, ellagic acid, vanillic acid, apigenin, protocatechuic acid, delphinidin, cyanidin, pelargonidin

Phenolics

Khoo et al., 2012a

Pericarp

Cyanidin-3-glucoside, cyanidin-3-galactoside , cyanidin-3-arabinoside

Phenolics

Khoo et al., 2013

Seed

All-trans-β-carotene, 13-cis-β-carotene, all-trans-lutein, 9-cis-lutein, 13-cis-lutein, di-cis-β-carotene, 15-cis-β-carotene, 9-cis-β-carotene

Carotenoids

Prasad et al., 2011a

Dacryodes rostrata

Seed

Gallic acid, epigallocatechin, chlorogenic acid, apigenin 7-(4″-Z-p-coumarylglucoside), 1-caffeoyl-4-deoxyquinic acid, 5-O-caffeoylshikimic acid, (±)-catechin, syringic acid, ellagic acid, (-)-epicatechin 3-O-gallate

Phenolics

Tee et al., 2015

Garcinia dulcis

Pulp

5-hydroxymethylfurfural, 2,5-furandione, 3-methyl, furfural, 1-butanol, 2-methyl-, propanoate (CAS) 2-methylbutyl propionate, catechol, 2,5-furandione, dihydro-3-methylene-, 4H-pyran-4-one, 2,3-dihydro-3,5-dihydroxy-6-methyl-, furyl hydroxymethyl ketone, D-allose, 2,4-dihydroxy-2,5-dimethyl-3(2H)-furan-3-one, 1,6-anhydro-alpha-d-galactofuranose, 5,5′-oxy-dimethylene-bis(2-furaldehyde), 1,4-dioxadiene, 1,3,5-triazine-2,4,6-triamine, n-hexadecanoic acid, 1,3,5-triazine-2,4,6-triamine, octadecanoic acid, heptadecene-(8)-carbonic acid-(1), 2-furanmethanol

Terpenoids

Abu Bakar et al., 2015

Litsea garciae

Pulp

Viniferin, cyanidin, ferulic acid

Phenolics

Husen, 2015

Seed

Dihydroquercetin, p-coumaroyl tartaric acid, caffeoyl tartaric acid, cinnamoyl glucose

Phenolics

Cupule

Ferulic acid, cinnamoyl glucose, epigallocatechin

Phenolics

Peel

Viniferin, elphinidin 3,5-O-diglucoside, cinnamoyl glucose

Phenolics

Mangifera caesia

Pulp

Gallic acid, vanillic acid, mangiferin

Phenolics

Sulaiman and Ooi, 2012

Mangifera foetida

Pulp

Mangiferin, gallic acid, protocatechuic acid, vanillic acid

Phenolics

Sulaiman and Ooi, 2012

Mangifera odorata

Pulp

Mangiferin, gallic acid, vanillic acid

Phenolics

Sulaiman and Ooi, 2012

Mangifera pajang

Peel

Pyrogallic acid, gallic acid, catechin, epicatechin, mangiferin, rutin, protocatechuic acid, chlorogenic acid, methyl gallate, 4-hydroxy- benzoic acid, vanillic acid, ethyl gallate, p-coumaric acid, ferulic acid, ellagic acid, morin, daidzein, kaempferol, luteolin, diosmin, quercetin, naringin, hesperidin, caffeic acid, chlorogenic acid, sinapic acid

Phenolics

Abu Bakar et al., 2010; Ahmad et al., 2015; Hassan et al., 2011; Prasad et al., 2011b

Pulp

Luteolin, kaempferol, quercetin, naringin, hesperidin, caffeic acid, p-coumaric acid, chlorogenic acid

Phenolics

Abu Bakar et al., 2010

Kernel

Methyl gallate and a mixture of benzaldehyde and benzyl alcohol together with β-sitosterol

Phenolic esters

Abu Bakar et al., 2010;

Diosmin, rutin, mangiferonic acid, ferulic acid, gallic acid, p-coumaric acid, caffeic acid, sinapic acid, chlorogenic acid, naringin, hesperidin

Phenolics

Ahmad et al., 2015

Mangifera pentandra

Pulp

Mangiferin, gallic acid, p-hydroxybenzoic acid, protocatechuic acid

Phenolics

Sulaiman and Ooi, 2012

Mangifera quadrifida

Pulp

Mangiferin, gallic acid, protocatechuic acid, p-hydroxybenzoic acid, vanillic acid

Phenolics

Sulaiman and Ooi, 2012

Nypa fruticans

Endosperm

Chlorogenic acid, protocatechuic acid, kaempferol, rutin, quercetin, cinnamic acid, hydroxybenzoic acid and gallic acid

Phenolics

Prasad et al., 2013

Parkia speciosa

Empty pod

Gallic acid, ellagic acid, catechin, quercetin, epicatechin, vanillic acid, kaempferol, chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, cinnamic acid, hydroxybenzoic acid, ferulic acid and p-coumaric acid

Phenolics

Ko et al., 2014

Rubus moluccanus

Whole fruit

2-propenoic acid, 2-propenyl ester, pyruvate, furfural, 1,3-butadiene-1-carboxylic acid, propenoic acid, 2-methyl-, methyl ester, dl-glyceraldehyde dimer, 2(1H)-pyridinone, 6-hydroxy-2,4-dihydroxy-2,5-dimethyl-3(2H)-furan-3-one, pentanoic acid, 4-oxo-, 2-hydroxy-3-methyl-4-pyrone, isopropylmethylnitrosamine, 2,4-dihydroxy-2,5-dimethyl-3(2H)-furan-3-one, hydroxymethyl furfural, 1,1,2-triacetoxyethane, butanedioic acid, 2-hydroxy-2-methyl, (S)-, benzeneacetic acid, 4-hydroxy-,methyl ester, succinic acid, 3-methylbutyl pentyl ester, β-D-glucopyranoside,methyl, quinic acid, β-tocopherol, δ-sitosterol

Terpenoids

Abu Bakar et al., 2016

Rubus fraxinifolius

Whole fruit

2-propenoic acid, 2-propenyl ester, furfural, 1,3-butadiene-1-carboxylic acid, 2(1H)-pyridinone, 6-hydroxy-, 2,4-dihydroxy-2,5-dimethyl-3(2H)-furan-3-one, 1,1,2-triacetoxyethane, 3-deoxy-d-mannoic lactone

Terpenoids

Abu Bakar et al., 2016

Rubus alpestris

Whole fruit

Furfural, 2(1H)-pyridinone, 6-hydroxy-, 2,4-dihydroxy-2,5-dimethyl-3(2H)-furan-3-one, furaneol, 1H-imidazole-4-carboxylic acid, methyl ester, 2,4-dihydroxy-2,5-dimethyl-3(2H)-furan-3-one, 5-hydroxymethylfurfural, butane, 1,1′-1 (isopentyloxy) methoxy]-3-methylbutane, rhamnose, 5,5′-oxy-dimethylene-bis (2-furaldehyde), β-tocopherol, stigmast-5-en-3-ol

Terpenoids

Abu Bakar et al., 2016

Syzigium jambos

Pulp

3-phenylpropan-1-ol, (E)-cinnamyl alcohol, (Z)-hex-3-en-l-ol, hexanol, hexanal, (Z)-hex-3-enal, linalool, myrcene, geraniol, citronellol, nerol, α-terpineol, cis-rose oxide, geranial, limonene, (E)-β-ocimene, trans-rose oxide, α-cubebene, δ-cadinene

Terpenoids

Wong and Lai, 1996

Syzigium malaccense

Pulp

Limonene, linalool, geraniol, nerol, δ-cadinene, α-selinene, humulene

Terpenoids

Wong and Lai, 1996

**Table 3.** Biological activities of Malaysian underutilised fruits
Biological Activity	Species	Part	Extract	Experimental Method	Description	Reference
Antioxidant	Artocarpus altilis	Whole fruit, pulp, peel	Hexane, dichloromethane and methanol	DPPH radical scavenging assay β-carotene linoleic acid model system Folin-Ciocalteau method Aluminium chloride colorimetric method	Methanol pulp extract showed the highest scavenging activity (IC₅₀: 55 ± 5.89 μg/ml), β-carotene bleaching (88.34 ± 1.31%) compared to Trolox (90.02 ± 1.51 %), total phenolic content (TPC) (781 ± 52.97 mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/g of dry sample) and total flavonoid content (TFC) (6,213.33 ± 142.22 mg quercetin equivalent (QE)/g)	Jalal et al., 2015
Artocarpus odoratissimus	Pulp, seed	80% methanol	DPPH radical scavenging assay FRAP assay Folin-Ciocalteau method Aluminium chloride colorimetric method pH differential method	Seed extract showed higher antioxidant activity; TPC (14.67 mg GAE/g) and TFC (3.65 ± 0.04 mg GAE/g). Pulp extract contained higher total antioxidant capacity (11.02 ± 0.38 mg c-3-gE/100g)	Abu Bakar et al., 2009
Averrhoa bilimbi	Whole fruit	Water	Folin-Ciocalteau method Aluminium chloride colorimetric method DPPH radical scavenging assay FRAP assay β-carotene linoleate bleaching assay	Averrhoa bilimbi L. extract showed higher TPC (41.00 ± 2.75 mg GAE/g) and TFC (23.32 ± 3.50 mg/QE g) than A. bilimbi cv. Averrhoa bilimbi cv. showed higher FRAP (1.76 ± 0.87 mmol TE/g), scavenging activity and β-carotene linoleate bleaching: (87.65 ± 3.12%)	Noor and Noriham, 2014
Pulp	80% methanol	Folin-Ciocalteau method β-carotene linoleate bleaching assay	TPC: 1,261.63 31.41 mg GAE/100g. Antioxidant activity: 91.89 ± 0.00%	Ikram et al., 2009
Baccaurea angulata	Whole fruit, pulp, peel	Methanol, phosphate buffered saline (PBS)	Folin-Ciocalteau method Aluminium chloride colorimetric method Total carotene method DPPH radical scavenging assay Linoleic acid peroxidation assay Phosphatidylcholine peroxidation assay	Methanol pulp extract showed the highest TPC (15,357.77 ± 150.72 μg GAE/g), TFC (37.32 ± 0.55 mg QE/g) and total carotene content (TCC) (6,571.43 ± 185.86 μg beta-carotene equivalent (BC)/100g). Methanol peel extract showed the highest scavenging activity (96.80 ± 0.53%), while methanol whole fruit showed the highest linoleic acid peroxidation (96.60 ± 0.29 %) and phosphatidylcholine peroxidation (78.48 ± 0.85%)	Ahmed et al., 2015
Whole fruit, peel, pulp	Distilled water (juice)	In Vivo Method Lipid peroxidation assay Enzymatic antioxidant assays High cholesterol-induced rabbits	Plasma malon-aldehyde (MDA) levels were highest in cholesterol + peel juice group (671.04 %). Catalase was highest in cholesterol + whole fruit juice group (12.66 %) compared to simvastatin control (9.13 %). TAC was also highest in whole fruit group (309.08 ± 35.59 mM)	Mikail et al., 2015
Whole fruit, pulp, peel	Methanol, PBS	Folin-Ciocalteau method Aluminium chloride colorimetric method Total carotene method DPPH radical scavenging assay Lipid peroxidation assay	Methanol pulp extract showed the highest TPC (11,308.59 ± 12.54 µg catechin equivalent (CAT)/g crude extracts), TFC (37.32 ± 0.55 mg QE/ g crude extracts) and total carotene content (TCC) (6,571.43 ± 185.86 µg BC/100g crude extracts). Methanol peel extract showed the highest scavenging activity (96.80 ± 0.53%) and methanol whole fruit extract showed the highest LPO (78.48 ± 0.85%)	Ahmed et al., 2013
Whole fruit, peel, berry	80% methanol	DPPH radical scavenging assay FRAP assay TEAC/ABTS scavenging assay Folin-Ciocalteau method Aluminium chloride colorimetric method pH differential method	Peel extract exhibited the highest antioxidant properties (p < 0.05); FRAP (50.86 ± 4.24 mm trolox equivalent (TE)/g), DPPH (78.54 ± 2.08 mg ascorbic acid (AA)/100g), TEAC (492.79 ± 53.77 mm TE/100g), TPC (8.62 ± 0.01 mg/g), TFC (19.12 ± 0.11 mg QE/g) and total anthocyanin content (TAC) (0.96 ± 0.19 mg cyanidin-3-glucoside (c-3-g)/100g). Antioxidant activities were significantly correlated (p < 0.05) with TPC and TFC but not to TAC	Jauhari et al., 2013
Baccaurea lanceolata	Pericarp, pulp, seed	80% methanol	Folin-Ciocalteau method Aluminium chloride colorimetric method pH differential method Total carotene method DPPH radical scavenging assay ABTS scavenging assay FRAP assay	Pulp extract showed the highest TPC (4.81 ± 0.14 mg GAE/g dry sample), TFC (4.73 ± 0.27 mg catechin equivalent (CE)/g dry sample), DPPH activity (94.36 ± 0.02 mg ascorbic acid equivalent antioxidant capacity (AEAC)/g dry sample) and FRAP activity (2.81 ± 0.23 mM/g dry sample). Pericarp extract showed the highest TAC (0.50 ± 0.13 (mg c-3-gE/100g dry sample) and TCC (0.75 ± 0.00 mg BCE/g dry sample). Seed showed the highest ABTS activity (3.03 ± 0.11 AEAC/g dry sample)	Abu Bakar et al., 2014
Baccaurea macrocarpa	Pericarp, pulp, seed	80% methanol	Folin-Ciocalteau method Aluminium chloride colorimetric method pH differential method Total carotene method DPPH radical scavenging assay ABTS scavenging assay FRAP assay	Pericarp contained the highest amount of TPC, TFC, TAC and TCC with the values of 60.04 ± 0.53 mg GAE/g, 44.68 ± 0.67 mg CE/g, 1.23 ± 0.20 mg c-3-gE/100g and 0.81 ± 0.14 mg BCE/g. Results from DPPH, ABTS and FRAP assays also showed that pericarp extract displayed the highest antioxidant capacity	Abu Bakar et al., 2014
Pulp	80% methanol	Folin-Ciocalteau method β-carotene linoleate bleaching assay	TPC: 1,064.68 ± 19.40 mg GAE/100g and antioxidant activity: 76.58 ± 1.56 %	Ikram et al., 2009
Baccaurea motleyana	Pulp (young, mature, ripe)	80 % aqueous methanol	Folin-Ciocalteau method DPPH radical scavenging assay	TPC and antioxidant activity of young fruit extract were the highest with 97.23 mg/100g and 13.10%, respectively	Kin et al., 2011; Mokhtar et al., 2014
Pulp	80% methanol	Folin-Ciocalteau method β-carotene linoleate bleaching assay	TPC: 1,160.14 ± 20.56 mg GAE/100g and antioxidant activity: 71.17 ± 5.63 %	Ikram et al., 2009
Baccaurea polyneura	Pulp	80% methanol	β-carotene linoleate bleaching assay Folin-Ciocalteau method	β-carotene bleaching: 81.98 ± 312% TPC: 1,064.68 ± 19.40 mg GAE/100g	Ikram et al., 2009
Canarium odontophyllum	Pericarp, peel	80% methanol	In Vitro and In Vivo Method Cell culture assays MTT assay NAD⁺ assay CD36 ELISA assay LDL-oxidation method in rats	Peel extract (1.0 mg/ml) showed protective effect against oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation. The extract was not cytotoxic to normal liver cells. IC₅₀ concentration (0.153 mg/ml) is good for inhibition of oxidized LDL binding to CD36 receptor.	Khoo et al., 2014
Pulp, peel, pulp with peel	80% methanol, distilled water	Folin-Ciocalteau method Aluminium chloride colorimetric method pH differential method TCC method DPPH radical scavenging assay FRAP assay ABTS scavenging assay	Methanol pulp extracts showed the highest potential in all tests; TPC (11.96 ± 0.05 mg GAE/g), TFC (10.11 ± 1.54 mg rutin equivalent (RE)/g), TAC (12.75 ± 0.28 c-3-gE/100g), TCC (2.84 ± 0.11 mg BA/100g), DPPH (88.14 ± 1.42%), FRAP (30.52 ± 0.54 mM Fe²⁺/l) and ABTS (46.71 ± 0.98 mg AEAC/g)	Ali Hassan et al., 2013b
Pericarp, peel	80% methanol	DPPH radical scavenging assay CUPRAC assay	Peel crude extract showed the highest antioxidant capacity; DPPH (60%), CUPRAC (1.75 mM) as compared to pericarp and extract fractions	Khoo et al., 2013
Pulp with peel, peel	Methanol, water	Folin-Ciocalteau method pH differential method TEAC assay	Pulp-peel crude extracts had the most significant antioxidant properties compared to the methanolic and water fractions	Khoo et al., 2012a
Pulp with peel, seed	Methanol, ethanol, ethyl acetate, acetone, water	Folin-Ciocalteau method Aluminium chloride colorimetric method pH differential method	Methanol peel extracts showed the highest TPC, TFC, TAC and antioxidant activities	Khoo et al., 2012b
Whole fruit (purple, red)	70% ethanol	Folin-Ciocalteau method Aluminium chloride colorimetric method pH differential method TEAC assay FRAP assay DPPH radical scavenging assay	Purple fruits had higher TPC (33.21 ± 6.11 mg GAE/g dry weight), TFC (103.92 ± 24.60 mg RE/g dry weight), TE (0.68 ± 0.09 mmol TE/g dry weight) and FRAP (1.74 ± 0.32 mmol Fe²⁺/g dry weight) than red fruits	Chew et al., 2011
Peel, pulp, seed	Hexane:acetone: ethanol (70:15:15)	Beta-carotene bleaching assay ABTS scavenging assay DPPH radical scavenging assay Hemoglobin oxidation assay	Pulp exhibited excellent antioxidant activity coefficient of 2,611 ± 12.7 and the highest DPPH activity (30.5 ± 1%). Peel exhibited highest ABTS activity (84.5 ± 0.9%) and higher than beta carotene (74.6 ± 0.4%). Hemoglobin oxidation was highest in seed fraction (59.7 ± 0.03%)	Prasad et al., 2010
Pulp, peel, pulp with peel, kernel	80% methanol	Folin-Ciocalteau method Beta-carotene bleaching assay DPPH radical scavenging assay FRAP assay	Peel showed the highest TPC (25.68 ± 1.02 mg GAE/g), beta-carotene bleaching (63.23 ± 1.59%), FRAP (1,744 ± 0.32 mM Fe²⁺/g) and DPPH (78.2 ± 0.5%)	Shakirin et al., 2010
Citrus hystrix	Pulp	Water (juice)	Folin-Ciocalteau method Aluminium chloride colorimetric method DPPH radical scavenging assay FRAP assay	TPC: 490.74 ± 1.75 mg GAE/ml TFC: 22.25 ± 0.20 mg GAE/ml Scavenging activity: IC₅₀ 35 mg/100 ml FRAP activity: 89.0 ± 5.88 µmol Fe²⁺/100 ml	Ghafar et al., 2010
Citrus aurantifolia	Pulp	Water (juice)	Folin-Ciocalteau method Aluminium chloride colorimetric method DPPH radical scavenging assay FRAP assay	TPC: 211.70 ± 0.0 mg GAE/ml TFC: 10.67 ± 0.27 mg GAE/ml Scavenging activity: IC₅₀ 79 mg/100 ml FRAP activity: 78 µmol Fe²⁺/100 ml	Ghafar et al., 2010
Citrus microcarpa	Pulp	Water (juice)	Folin-Ciocalteau method Aluminium chloride colorimetric method DPPH radical scavenging assay FRAP assay	TPC: 105.0 ± 3.0 mg GAE/100 ml TFC: 8.70 ± 0.13 mg GAE/ml Scavenging activity: IC₅₀ 125 mg/100 ml FRAP activity: 48.18 ± 3.34 µmol Fe²⁺/100 ml	Ghafar et al., 2010
Cynometra cauliflora	Pulp	80% methanol	β-carotene linoleate bleaching assay Folin-Ciocalteau method	β-carotene bleaching: 45.95 ± 2.70% TPC: 1,868.94 ± 11.68 mg GAE/100g	Ikram et al., 2009
Cyphomandra betacea	Pulp, peel	80% methanol, distilled water	Folin-Ciocalteau method Aluminium chloride colorimetric method pH differential method Total carotene method DPPH free radical scavenging assay ABTS assay FRAP assay	Methanol peel extract showed higher FRAP (9.33 ± 0.54 mM Fe²⁺/g) and ABTS activity (40.14 ± 1.76 AEAC/g), while pulp showed higher DPPH activity (31.82 ± 1.29%). TPC and TFC were higher in peel with 4.89 ± 0.04 mg GAE/g and 3.36 ± 0.01 mg RE/g, respectively. TAC and TCC were higher in pulp with 4.15 ± 0.04 mg/100g and 25.13 ± 0.35 mg/100g	Ali Hassan & Abu Bakar, 2013
Dacryodes rostrata	Pulp, peel, seed	50% ethanol	Folin-Ciocalteau method Aluminium chloride colorimetric method Phosphomolybdenum method FRAP assay DPPH radical scavenging assay	Seed exhibited the highest TPC (1,007.96 mg GAE/g dry weight), TFC (2,550.90 mg QE/g dry weight), scavenging activity, FRAP and phosphomolybdenum analysis over butylated hydroxyl toluene (BHT) and ascorbic acid	Tee et al., 2015
Pulp, peel, seed	70% ethanol	Folin-Ciocalteau method Aluminium chloride colorimetric method pH differential method TEAC assay FRAP assay DPPH free radical scavenging assay	Seed extract exhibited the highest potential in all tests except TAC, with TPC (8,211.21–8,629.92 g GAE/100g), TFC (22,210.30–28,022.28 mg RE/100g), TEAC (51.39–74.59 mmol TE/100g), FRAP (530.05–556.98 mmol Fe²⁺/100g) and DPPH (92.18–92.19%)	Kin et al., 2011
Dimorcarpus longan	Pulp	80% methanol	β-carotene linoleate bleaching assay Folin-Ciocalteau method	β-carotene bleaching: 52.25 ± 3.12% TPC: 203.92 ± 14.35 mg GAE/100g	Ikram et al., 2009
Durio kutejensis	Pulp	80% methanol	β-carotene linoleate bleaching assay Folin-Ciocalteau method	β-carotene bleaching: 54.05 ± 2.07% TPC: 183.07 ± 6.23 mg GAE/100g	Ikram et al., 2009
Flacourtia jangomas	Pulp	70% ethanol, distilled water	Folin-ciocalteau reagent method DPPH radical scavenging assay FRAP assay. AOAC method	Ethanol extracts gave the highest TPC (2,507.41 mg GAE/100g). DPPH activity was highly correlated with TPC (r = 1.000) and FRAP (r = 0.968). Ascorbic acid content (AAC) was 89.39 mg/100g	Mohamed, 2012
Flacourtia rukam	Pulp	80% methanol	DPPH radical scavenging assay FRAP assay Folin-Ciocalteau method	Scavenging activity: 78.09 ± 3.09% FRAP activity: 2.09 ± 0.13 mM Fe²⁺ TPC: 40.0 ± 0.2 mg GAE/100g	Ikram et al., 2009
Garcinia atroviridis	Fruit with seed, fruit rind (ripe, unripe)	Methanol, water	Folin-Ciocalteau method Aluminium chloride colorimetric method ABTS assay DPPH radical scavenging assay FRAP assay	Methanol unripe fruit extract showed the highest TPC (10.50 ± 0.39 mg GAE/g), TFC (4.37 ± 0.06 mg QE/g) and aqueous unripe fruit extract had the highest FRAP (17.57 ± 0.26 nmol Fe²⁺/g). Aqueous ripe and unripe fruit rind showed the highest DPPH (EC₅₀: 943.08 ± 11.46 μg/ml) and ABTS (148.69 ± 4.54 μg/ml), respectively	Al-Mansoub et al., 2014
Whole fruit	Methanol	Folin-Ciocalteau method TBARS Assay	TPC: 4.4 ± 1.7 mg GAE/g LDL oxidation: 53.0 ± 0.5% at 1,000 μg/ml	Jantan et al., 2011
Pulp	80% methanol	β-carotene linoleate bleaching assay Folin-Ciocalteau method	β-carotene bleaching: 72.97 ± 2.70% TPC: 68.41 ± 0.95 mg GAE/100g	Ikram et al., 2009
Garcinia hombroniana	Whole fruit	Methanol	Folin-Ciocalteu method TBARS Assay	TPC: 20.7 ± 3.8 mg GAE/g LDL oxidation at 1,000 μg/ml: 86.0 ± 7.1%	Jantan et al., 2011
Garcinia parvifolia	Pulp, peel	80% methanol, distilled water	Folin-Ciocalteau method Aluminium chloride colorimetric method pH differential method TCC method DPPH radical scavenging assay FRAP assay ABTS assay	Methanol pulp extract had the highest antioxidant properties; TPC: 7.2 ± 0.3 mg GAE/g, TFC: 5.9 ± 0.1 mg RE/g, DPPH: 85.4 ± 1.3%, FRAP: 16.6 ± 3.8 mM Fe²⁺/g and ABTS: 32.7 ± 8.5 mg AEAC/g. Peel showed the highest TAC: 4.4 ± 0.2 mg c-3-gE/100g and TCC: 17.0 ± 0.2 mg BC/100g	Ali Hassan et al., 2013c
Pulp	80% methanol	β-carotene linoleate bleaching assay Folin-Ciocalteau method	β-carotene bleaching: 79.28 ± 7.80% TPC: 95.84 ± 3.43 mg GAE/100g	Ikram et al., 2009
Garcinia prainiana	Whole fruit Pulp	Methanol 80% methanol	Folin-Ciocalteau method TBARS Assay β-carotene linoleate bleaching assay Folin-Ciocalteau method	TPC: 33.6 ± 6.0 mg GAE/g LDL oxidation at 1,000 μg/ml: 69.5 ± 0.7% β-carotene bleaching: 91.90 ± 0.00% TPC: 1,868.94 ± 11.68 mg GAE/100g	Jantan et al., 2011 Ikram et al., 2009
Gnetum gnemon	Seed	Ethanol, water	Folin-Ciocalteau method Aluminium chloride colorimetric method FRAP assay DPPH radical scavenging assay	Ethanol extract showed higher antioxidant properties except for FRAP assay. TPC: (15.1 ± 2.19 mg GAE/100g), tannins (35.6 ± 3.81 mg CE/100g), TFC (709 ± 79.9 mg CE/100g) and scavenging activity (48.9 ± 38.9%)	Bhat and Yahya, 2014
Lepisanthes rubiginosa	Pulp	80% methanol	β-carotene linoleate bleaching assay Folin-Ciocalteau method	β-carotene bleaching ranged from 54.05 ± 2.70 to 50.45 ± 5.63%. TPC ranged from 1,110.21 ± 38.99 to 1,308.26 ± 79.94 mg GAE/100g	Ikram et al., 2009
Litsea garciae	Pulp, cap, seed	80% ethanol	Folin-Ciocalteau method Aluminium chloride colorimetric method DPPH radical scavenging assay ORAC scavenging assay	Freeze-dried seed extract showed the highest TPC (3,405.09 mg GAE/100g), TFC (534.94 mg RE/100g), DPPH (IC₅₀: 0.22 mg/ml) and ORAC (120,675 μmol TE/100g). Other fruit extracts had higher TPC and TFC when superheated steam dried	Husen, 2015
Pulp, stem cap, seed	50% methanol, distilled water	DPPH radical scavenging assay FRAP assay ABTS scavenging assay Folin-Ciocalteau method Aluminium chloride colorimetric method pH differential method	Methanol extracts of stem cap displayed the highest antioxidant; DPPH (IC₅₀: 16.7 ± 0.6 µg/ ml), FRAP (2,050.0 ± 28.5 μM Fe²⁺/g) and ABTS (25.05 ± 1.7 mg AEAC/g). The extract also showed the highest TPC (08.29 ± 0.70 mg GAE/g) and TFC (6.90 ± 0.61 mg RE/g)	Ali Hassan et al., 2013a
Mangifera caesia	Pulp	70% methanol	DPPH radical scavenging assay Folin-Ciocalteau method Aluminium chloride colorimetric method AOAC method	IC₅₀ : 8.14 ± 0.17 mg/ml, TPC: 2,637.35 ± 178.92 mg/100g, TFC 550.67 ± 19.78 mg/100g and AAC 270.22 ± 12.79 mg/100g	Mirfat et al., 2015
Pulp (mature-green, ripe)	Water	AOAC method Folin-Ciocalteau method Metal chelating FRAP assay DPPH radical scavenging assay	Mature-green extract showed higher AAC (142.41 ± 2.98 µg AAE/g), TPC (122.82 ± 2.45 µg GAE/g), scavenging activity (303.71 ± 21.11 μg TE/g), FRAP activity (868.29 ± 2.71 μg TE/g) and metal chelating (6.09 ± .2.21%)	Sulaiman and Ooi, 2012
Mangifera foetida	Pulp	70% methanol	DPPH radical scavenging assay Folin-Ciocalteau method Aluminium chloride colorimetric method AOAC method	IC₅₀ : 43.22 ± 0.29 mg/ml, TPC: 2,917.92 ± 155.35 mg/100g, TFC 282.88 ± 71.75 mg/100g and AAC 122.13 ± 32.84 mg/100g	Mirfat et al., 2015
Pulp (mature-green, ripe)	Water	AOAC method Folin-Ciocalteau method Metal chelating FRAP assay DPPH radical scavenging assay	Ripe extract showed higher TPC (72.91 ± 0.44 µg GAE/g), scavenging activity (291.48 ± 25.21 μg TE/g) and FRAP activity (101.79 ± 3.84 μg TE/g)	Sulaiman and Ooi, 2012
Mangifera laurina	Pulp	70% methanol	DPPH radical scavenging assay Folin-Ciocalteau method Aluminium chloride colorimetric method AOAC method	IC₅₀ : 13.32 ± 0.11 mg/ml, TPC: 144.33 ± 23.88 mg/100g, TFC 176.71 ± 25.78 mg/100g and AAC 135.74 ± 30.33 mg/100g	Mirfat et al., 2015
Mangifera longipetiolata	Pulp	70% methanol	DPPH radical scavenging assay Folin-Ciocalteau method Aluminium chloride colorimetric method AOAC method	IC₅₀ : 8.33 ± 0.08 mg/ml, TPC: 263.31 ± 35.53 mg/100g, TFC 129.11 ± 56.39 mg/100g and AAC 322.75 ± 32.55 mg/100g	Mirfat et al., 2015
Mangifera odorata	Pulp	70% methanol	DPPH radical scavenging assay Folin-Ciocalteau method Aluminium chloride colorimetric method AOAC method	IC₅₀ : 20.16 ± 1.31 mg/ml, TPC: 257.17 ± 27.72 mg/100g, TFC 202.33 ± 32.19 mg/100g and AAC 47.32 ± 9.73 mg/100g	Mirfat et al., 2015
Pulp (mature-green, ripe)	Water	AOAC method Folin-Ciocalteau method Metal chelating FRAP assay DPPH radical scavenging assay	Ripe extract showed higher TPC (42.10 ± 3.27 µg GAE/g), scavenging activity (114.74 ± 3.56 μg TE/g) and metal chelating (48.88 ± 0.61%)	Sulaiman and Ooi, 2012
Pulp	80% methanol	DPPH radical scavenging assay FRAP assay Folin-Ciocalteau method	Scavenging activity: 45.68 ± 11.09% FRAP activity: 0.28 ± 0.10 mM Fe²⁺ TPC: 8.0 ± 0.0 mg GAE/100g	Ikram et al., 2009
Mangifera pajang	Kernel	Petroleum ether, chloroform, ethyl acetate and methanol	DPPH radical scavenging assay	Ethyl acetate and methanol kernel extracts showed strong radical scavenging activity with IC₅₀ values of 7.28 ± 0.30 and 8.84 ± 1.04 μg/ml	Ahmad et al., 2015
Peel	Water (juice)	In Vivo Method Enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants and plasma antioxidant status in humans	Plasma total antioxidant status, plasma β-carotene and ascorbic acid were increased by 18, 45 and 28% compared to baseline level and placebo, but liver and kidney functions were unaffected	Ibrahim et al., 2013
Pulp, kernel, peel	80% methanol	DPPH radical scavenging assay FRAP assay Folin-Ciocalteau method Aluminium chloride colorimetric method pH differential method	Kernel extract displayed the highest DPPH activity (23.23 mg AEAC/g), FRAP activity (3,130.00 ± 35.47 μM Fe²⁺/g), TPC (103.30 ± 0.63.mg GAE/g) and TFC (10.98 ± 0.16 mg GAE/g)	Abu Bakar et al., 2009; Abu Bakar et al., 2011
Peel	Methanol	DPPH radical scavenging assay FRAP assay Folin-Ciocalteau method	TPC: 9.8 ± 0.12 mg GAE/g Scavenging activity: 44.5 ± 0.24 μg/ml FRAP activity: 1,248 μg/ml higher than ascorbic acid (1,318 μg/ml)	Hassan et al., 2011
Pulp	70% methanol	DPPH radical scavenging assay Folin-Ciocalteau method Aluminium chloride colorimetric method AOAC method	IC₅₀ : 37.94 ± 1.29 mg/ml, TPC: 7,055.65 ± 101.89 mg/100g, TFC 256.42 ± 17.52 mg/100g and AAC 403.21 ± 46.83 mg/100g	Mirfat et al., 2015
Pulp	80% methanol	β-carotene linoleate bleaching assay Folin-Ciocalteau method	β-carotene bleaching ranged from 68.47 ± 1.56 to 48.65 ± 2.70% TPC ranged from 221.47 ± 10.71 to 339.97 ± 20.58 mg GAE/100g	Ikram et al., 2009
Mangifera pentandra	Pulp	70% methanol	DPPH radical scavenging assay Folin-Ciocalteau method Aluminium chloride colorimetric method AOAC method	IC₅₀ : 13.27 ± 0.81 mg/ml, TPC: 676.24 ± 40.13 mg/100g, TFC 118.82 ± 24.83 mg/100g and AAC 400.94 ± 71.74 mg/100g	Mirfat et al., 2015
Pulp (mature-green, ripe)	Water	AOAC method Folin-Ciocalteau method Metal chelating FRAP assay DPPH radical scavenging assay	Ripe extract showed higher AAC (175.07 ± 4.89 µg AAE/g), scavenging activity (100.46 ± 2.27 μg TE/g), FRAP activity (80.47 ± 2.08 μg TE/g) and metal chelating (88.94 ± 1.43%)	Sulaiman and Ooi, 2012
Mangifera quadrifida	Pulp (mature-green, ripe)	Water	AOAC method Folin-Ciocalteau method Metal chelating FRAP assay DPPH radical scavenging assay	Mature-green extract showed higher AAC (123.51 ± 7.88 µg AAE/g), TPC (51.88 ± 1.00 µg GAE/g), scavenging activity (200.58 ± 13.75 μg TE/g) and FRAP activity (78.82 ± 7.86 μg TE/g)	Sulaiman and Ooi, 2012
Nephelium malaiense	Pulp	80% methanol	β-carotene linoleate bleaching assay Folin-Ciocalteau method	β-carotene bleaching: 97.30 ± 0.00% TPC: 894.61 ± 81.19 mg GAE/100g	Ikram et al., 2009
Nephelium ramboutan-ake	Pulp	80% methanol	β-carotene linoleate bleaching assay Folin-Ciocalteau method	β-carotene bleaching: 72.07 ± 4.13% TPC: 240.67 ± 18.50 mg GAE/100g	Ikram et al., 2009
Nypa fruticans	Endosperm (ripe and unripe)	50% ethanol	Folin-Ciocalteau method Aluminium chloride colorimetric method ABTS assay FRAP assay DPPH radical scavenging assay Phosphomolybdenum method	Unripe extract exhibited the highest TPC (135.6 ± 4.5 mg GAE/g), TFC (68.6 ± 3.1 RE/g) and antioxidant capacity; ABTS activity (78 ± 1.2%), DPPH activity (85 ± 2.6%), antioxidant excellent coefficient (2,550 ± 123), phosphomolybdenum activity (0.9) and FRAP activity (819 ± 4.3 mmol Fe²⁺/100g)	Prasad et al., 2013
Pandanus tectorius	Keys, core	Hexane, ethyl acetate, methanol	DPPH radical scavenging assay Folin-Ciocalteau method	Ethyl acetate core extract showed the highest antioxidant capacity (IC₅₀: 0.8 ± 0.20 mg/ml) and TPC (180 µ GAE/g).	Andriani et al., 2015
Parkia speciosa	Empty pod	Water, 95% ethanol	Thiocyanate method Superoxide radical scavenging assay DPPH radical scavenging assay ABTS radical scavenging assay Metal chelating FRAP assay Folin-Ciocalteau method Aluminium chloride colorimetric method	Ethanol extract showed stronger antioxidant activities with IC₅₀: DPPH (64.2 ± 3.46 µg/ml), ABTS radical scavenging (19.6 ± 0.44), anti-lipid peroxidation (5.02 ± 1.06), metal chelating (319 ± 26.3) and reducing power (274 ± 16.1) and contained higher TPC and TFC	Ko et al., 2014
Phyllanthus emblica	Pulp	80% methanol	β-carotene linoleate bleaching assay Folin-Ciocalteau method	β-carotene bleaching: 81.98 ± 5.63% TPC: 2,664.97 ± 115.40 mg GAE/100g	Ikram et al., 2009
Pometia sp	Pulp	80% methanol	β-carotene linoleate bleaching assay Folin-Ciocalteau method	β-carotene bleaching: 97.30 ± 0.00% TPC: 894.61 ± 81.19 mg GAE/100g	Ikram et al., 2009
Pouteria campechiana	Seed, pulp, peel	Distilled water, 70% methanol, 70% ethanol	ABTS assay FRAP assay DPPH radical scavenging assay Folin-Ciocalteau method Aluminium chloride colorimetric method	Antioxidant activities of ethanolic and methanolic extracts did not differ significantly. 70% ethanol showed the highest TPC and TFC for all the fruit parts. Seed contained the highest TPC (2,304.7 mg GAE/100g), pulp contained the highest TFC (6,414 mg RE/g)	Kong et al., 2013
Pulp	80% methanol	DPPH radical scavenging assay FRAP assay Folin-Ciocalteau method	Scavenging activity: 73.32 ± 0.72% FRAP activity: 0.43 ± 0.09 mM Fe²⁺ TPC: 21.0 ± 0.1 mg GAE/100g	Ikram et al., 2009
Rubus moluccanus	Whole fruit	80% methanol	Folin-Ciocalteau method Aluminium chloride colorimetric method pH differential method Total carotene method DPPH radical scavenging assay FRAP assay ABTS scavenging assay	TPC: 20.76 ± 0.24 mg GAE/g, TFC: 18.17 ± 0.20 mg CE/g, TAC: 36.96 ± 0.39 mg c-3-gE/g, TCC: 9.69 ± 0.58 mg BC/g Scavenging activity: 38.00 ± 1.63 µg/ml FRAP activity: 0.73 ± 0.03 mM Fe²⁺/g ABTS activity: 50.37 ± 5.28 mg AEAC/g	Abu Bakar et al., 2016
Rubus fraxinifolius	TPC: 11.09 ± 0.10 mg GAE/g, TFC: 5.82 ± 0.02 mg CE/g, TAC: 23.82 ± 0.77 mg c-3-gE/g, TCC: 10.49 ± 1.01 mg BC/g Scavenging activity: 86.00 ± 3.65 µg/ml FRAP activity: 0.75 ± 0.03 mM Fe²⁺/g ABTS activity: 26.34 ± 4.79 mg AEAC/g	Abu Bakar et al., 2016
Rubus alpestris	TPC: 24.25 ± 0.12 mg GAE/g, TFC: 8.88 ± 0.53 mg CE/g, TAC: 33.62 ± 1.39 mg c-3-gE/g, TCC: 21.86 ± 0.63 mg BC/g Scavenging activity: 29.00 ± 3.07 µg/ml FRAP activity: 0.79 ± 0.05 mM Fe²⁺/g ABTS activity: 70.93 ± 6.26 mg AEAC/g	Abu Bakar et al., 2016
Salacca conferta	Pulp	80% methanol	β-carotene linoleate bleaching assay Folin-Ciocalteau method	β-carotene bleaching: 84.68 ± 8.69% TPC: 1,455.29 ± 62.14 mg GAE/100g	Ikram et al., 2009
Sandoricum macropodum	Pulp	80% methanol	β-carotene linoleate bleaching assay Folin-Ciocalteau method	β-carotene bleaching: 74.77 ± 3.12% TPC: 3,185.05 ± 59.00 mg GAE/100g	Ikram et al., 2009
Syzygium jambos	Pulp	Hexane	β-carotene linoleate bleaching assay Folin-Ciocalteau method TCC	β-carotene bleaching: 90.09 ± 3.12% TPC: 555.57 ± 28.33 mg GAE/100g edible portion TCC: 1.41 mg/100g	Ikram et al., 2009; Khoo et al., 2008
Syzigium malaccense	Pulp	Hexane	FRAP assay DPPH radical scavenging assay Folin-Ciocalteau method Total carotene content	FRAP activity: 0.22 ± 0.03 mM Fe²⁺ Scavenging activity: 17.01 ± 0.32% TPC: 6.0 ± 0.0 mg GAE/100g TCC: 3.35 mg/100g	Ikram et al., 2009;Khoo et al., 2008
Ziziphus mauritiania	Pulp	80% methanol	FRAP assay DPPH radical scavenging assay β-carotene linoleate bleaching assay Folin-Ciocalteau method	FRAP activity: 0.46 ± 0.07 mM Fe²⁺ Scavenging activity: 74.96 ± 0.44% β-carotene bleaching: 57.66 ± 8.26% TPC: 1,321.98 ± 4.14 mg GAE/100g	Ikram et al., 2009
Antimicrobial	Artocarpus altilis	Whole fruit, pulp, peel	Hexane, dichloromethane, methanol	Disc diffusion method Microdilution method	Methanol pulp extract showed the highest zone of inhibition (14.83 ± 0.28 to 20.50 ± 0.76 mm) against all Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria tested. MIC and MBC/MFC for the extracts ranged from 4,000 to 63 μg/ml. MBC/MFC values varied from 250 to 4,000 μg/ml	Jalal et al., 2015
Averhhoa bilimbi	Whole fruit	Water (juice)	Disc diffusion method	Fruit juice significantly (p < 0.05) reduced aerobic bacteria (APC) (0.40–0.70 log cfu/g), Listeria monocytogenes (0.84–1.58 log cfu/g) and Salmonella typhimurium (1.03–2.00 log cfu/g)	Wan Norhana et al., 2009
Baccaurea angulata	Whole fruit, peel, berry	Methanol, ethanol, water	Agar well diffusion method Microdilution method	Ethanol peel extract had the highest antimicrobial activity (37 ± 1.0 mm) against Streptococcus pneumoniae at concentration of 1,000 µg/ml. Klebsiella pneumoniae showed the highest bacteriostatic and bactericidal activity	Momand, 2014
Canarium odontophyllum	Pulp	Methanol, acetone, hexane, distilled water	Agar well diffusion method	All extracts were not active against the bacteria, acetone extract displayed moderate activity against Candida glabrata (8.0 ± 0.00 mm) and hexane extract was active against C. glabrata only at 100 mg/ml	Basri et al., 2014a
Seed	Ethyl acetate, acetone, methanol	Agar well diffusion method	Ethyl acetate extract was active against Bacillus cereus with inhibition zone ranging from 9.6 ± 0.1 to 14.6 ± 0.1 mm, whereas the acetone extract inhibited Proteus mirabilis and Acinetobacter baumannii at 9.6 ± 0.0 to 14.0 ± 0.0 mm and 7.0 ± 0.1 to 13.0 ± 0.1 mm, respectively. MIC and MBC values of ethyl acetate and acetone extract were the same against B. cereus and A. baumannii at 6.25 mg/ml and 1.563 mg/ml, respectively	Basri et al., 2014b
Garcinia parvifolia	Whole fruit	Well diffusion method	Isolate 56 GP from fruit part identified as Fusarium equiseti possessed the most antibacterial activities against Staphylococcus aureus (9 mm), Agromyces lapidis (6 mm), Listeria monocytogenes (7 mm), Bacillus megaterium (5 mm) and B. subtilis (5 mm)	Sim et al., 2010
Mangifera pajang	Kernel	Petroleum ether, chloroform, ethyl acetate, methanol	Disc diffusion method	All extracts showed no significant inhibition activity towards methicillin resistant S. aureus MRSA, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella choleraesuis and B. subtilis. Only isolated compound methyl gallate demonstrated strong antibacterial activity towards MRSA (21.5 mm). None of extracts and isolated compounds showed activity against Candida albican, Aspergillus ochraceaus and Sacchoromyces cerevisiae	Ahmad et al., 2015
Pandanus tectorius	Keys, core	Hexane, ethyl acetate, methanol	Disc diffusion method	Ethyl acetate keys extract demonstrated the highest activity against Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, S. aureus and B. subtilis with the range of inhibition zone of 10–15 mm	Andriani et al., 2015
Rubus moluccanus	Whole fruit	80% methanol	Disc diffusion method	Effective against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Mild inhibition towards B. subtilis, S. aureus, E. coli and Salmonella enteritidis	Abu Bakar et al., 2016
Rubus fraxinifolius	No inhibition towards B. subtilis	Abu Bakar et al., 2016
Rubus alpestris	The highest activity against S. enteritidis (8.50 ± 1.80 mm) followed by B. subtilis (7.83 ± 1.26 mm)	Abu Bakar et al., 2016
Anti-cholinesterase	Canarium odontophyllum	Pulp+peel, seed	80% methanol, distilled water	Anti-cholinesterase inhibition assay	Only 80% methanol extracts displayed anti-cholinesterase activity when tested at 0-100 µg/ml. Activity was highest in the seed (22.4%)	Ali Hassan, 2013b
Cyphomandra betacea	Pulp, peel	80% methanol, distilled water	Anti-cholinesterase inhibition assay	Only 80% methanol extracts displayed anti-cholinesterase activity when tested at 50–250 µg/ml. Activity was highest in the peel	Ali Hassan and Abu Bakar, 2013
Garcinia parvifolia	Pulp, peel	80% methanol, distilled water	Anti-cholinesterase inhibition assay	Only 80% methanol extracts displayed anti-cholinesterase activity when tested at 50–250 µg/ml. Activity was highest in the pulp (14.3%). The activity was much smaller than positive control, galanthamine	Ali Hassan et al., 2013c
Rubus moluccanus	Whole fruit	80% methanol	Anti-cholinesterase inhibition assay	The highest activity was 26.42 ± 1.41%. Donepenzil (positive control) showed complete acetylcholinesterase inhibition activity (100%)	Abu Bakar et al., 2016
Rubus fraxinifolius	The highest activity was 23.06 ± 1.12%. Donepenzil (positive control) showed complete acetylcholinesterase inhibition activity (100%)	Abu Bakar et al., 2016
Rubus alpestris	The highest activity was 25.30 ± 1.56%. Donepenzil (positive control) showed complete acetylcholinesterase inhibition activity (100%)	Abu Bakar et al., 2016
Cytotoxicity	Artocarpus odoratissimus	Peel, seed	Ethanol	MTT assay	No cytotoxic activity shown by all extracts in the cancer cell lines tested; human liver cancer cell (HepG2), human colon cancer cell (HT-29) and human ovarian cancer cell (Caov3)	Abu Bakar et al., 2010
Cynometra cauliflora	Whole fruit	Methanol	MTT assay	Extract was very cytotoxic towards human promyelocytic leukemia HL-60 cells (CD₅₀ 0.9 µg/ml) and inhibited the cells into apoptotic cell death mode. However, it was less cytotoxic towards normal mouse fibroblast cell line 3T3/NIH cells	Tajudin et al., 2012
Garcinia dulcis	Peel, pulp, seed	80% methanol	MTT assay Cell cycle analysis Caspase-3 colorimetric assay	Seed extract induced the lowest cytotoxicity against human liver HepG2 cancer cell line with IC₅₀ value of 7.5 ± 2.52 µg/ml. Pulp extract induced cell cycle arrest at sub- G1 (apoptosis) phase. The cell population underwent apoptosis after exposure of the HepG2 cell line to pulp extract. Caspase-3 was activated which led to the death of HepG2 cell	Abu Bakar et al., 2015
Mangifera pajang	Kernel	Petroleum ether, chloroform, ethyl acetate, methanol	MTT assay	Ethyl acetate and methanol extracts showed strong cytotoxic activity towards MCF-7 (human breast) and HeLa (human cervical) cancer cell lines with IC₅₀ values less than 10 μg/ml, and displayed strong to moderate activities towards HT-29 (human colon cancer)	Ahmad et al., 2015
Kernel, peel, pulp	Ethanol	MTT assay	Kernel extract induced strong cytotoxic activity against human liver (HepG2), colon (HT-29), ovary (Caov3), and breast (MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231) cancer cell lines tested, especially MCF-7 (IC₅₀ 23.0 mg/ml) and MDA-MB-231 (IC₅₀ 30.5 mg/ml)	Abu Bakar et al., 2011
Kernel	Ethanol	Flow cytometric analysis Caspase colorimetric protease assay	For MCF-7 cells, a significant arrest at G0/G1 was observed at 24 h treatment. Proportion of cells undergoing apoptosis increased significantly up to 30.7% and 51.8% compared to controls (2.9% and 5.2%). For MDA-MB-231, the proportion of cells in the G2-M phase increased significantly following 24 and 48 h. Apoptosis was dependent on caspase-2 and -3 in MCF-7 cells, and on caspase-2, -3 and -9 in MDA-MB-231 cells.	Abu Bakar et al., 2010
Kernel, peel, pulp	Ethanol	MTT assay	Kernel and peel extracts displayed cytotoxic activity in HepG2 and Caov3 with IC₅₀ values ranging from 34.5 to 92.0 mg/ml. Kernel extract inhibited the proliferation of colon cancer cell line with IC₅₀ 63.0 mg/ml	Abu Bakar et al., 2010
Pandanus tectorius	Keys, core	Hexane, ethyl acetate, methanol	MTT assay	Keys and core extracts were no cytotoxic against normal (L-6 and RAW) and cancer (MCF-7, HeLa, and HepG2) cell lines. IC₅₀ values of all extracts towards RAW were more than 30 µg/ml	Andriani et al., 2015
Cytoprotective	Baccaurea angulata	Whole fruit, peel, pulp	Distilled water	In Vivo Method Lipid peroxidation assay Enzymatic antioxidant assays High cholesterol-induced rabbits	MDA levels were highest in cholesterol + peel juice group (671.04 %). Catalase was highest in cholesterol + whole fruit juice group (12.66 %) compared to simvastatin control (9.13 %). TAC was also highest in whole fruit group (309.08 ± 35.59 mM)	Mikail et al., 2015
Canarium odontophyllum	Pericarp, peel	80% methanol	In Vitro & In Vivo Method Cell culture assays MTT assay NAD⁺ assay CD36 ELISA assay LDL-oxidation method in rats	Peel extract (1.0 mg/ml) showed protective effect against oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation. The extract was not cytotoxic to normal liver cell. IC₅₀ concentration (0.153 mg/ml)	Khoo et al., 2014
Pulp	Chloroform-methanol	In Vivo Method Rabbit fed oil	Pulp oil increased high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-C, reduced low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-C, triglycerides, TBARS levels with enhancement of SOD, GPx, and plasma total antixodant status (TAS) levels. Kernel oil increased SOD and TAS levels	Shakirin et al., 2012a
Mangifera pajang	Pulp, kernel, peel	Ethanol	Cell culture	Kernel extract and quercetin showed cytoprotective activity in HepG2 cells, with EC₅₀ values of 1.2 and 5.3 µg/ml, respectively	Abu Bakar et al., 2013
Anti-atheroschlerotic	Baccaurea angulata	Fruit	Water (juice)	In Vivo Method Cholesterol-induced rabbits	Juice reduced plaque formation in rabbits’ aorta. In the high-cholesterol diet (group CH), high cholesterol diet with juice treatments (C1, C2 and C3) and standard chow diet (group N), 96, 55, 49, 22 and 0%, respectively, of the entire aorta were covered with plaque	Mikail et al., 2014
Canarium odontophyllum	Pulp	Oil	In Vivo Method Cholesterol-induced rabbits	Hypercholesterolemic diet + 5% defatted pulp (HD) group exhibited the greatest reduction in atherosclerotic plaque formation by nearly 80%, induced by a significant reduction in total cholesterol (96.3%) and LDL-c (26.5%) and lipid peroxidation levels	Nurulhuda et al., 2013
Pulp, kernel	Chloroform, methanol	In Vivo Method Cholesterol-induced rabbits	HD group (treated with defatted pulp) exhibited the greatest reduction in atherosclerotic plaque formation by nearly 80%	Shakirin et al., 2012b
Anti-hyperlipidemia	Garcinia atroviridis	Whole fruit, fruit rind	Methanol, distilled water	In Vivo Method Poloxamer 407-induced acute hyperlipidemic rats	Aqueous extract of ripe fruit showed the highest antihyperlipidemic activity, compared to atorvastatin. It significantly reduced the total cholesterol (P < 0.05), triglycerides (P < 0.01), low-density lipoprotein (P < 0.01), very-low-density lipoprotein (P < 0.01) and atherogenic index (P < 0.01)	Al-Mansoub et al., 2014
Antidiabetic	Canarium odontophyllum	Pulp with peel	Ethanol	In Vivo Method Obese-diabetic-induced rats	Extract at a concentration of 600 mg/kg body weight reduced the plasma glucose level by 30%. The result was strongly correlated with the reduction of plasma glucose at 60 to 90 min in the OGTT and a lower AUC value	Mokiran et al., 2014
Cardioprotective	Canarium odontophyllum	Peel, pericarp	53% methanol, 80% methanol	In Vivo Method Hypercholesterolemic-induced rabbits	Defatted peel had the highest amount of anthocyanin C3G (55.12 ± 0.82 mg/g). C3G-rich extract inhibited MDA production in the hypercholesterolemic rabbits and elevated cellular antioxidant enzymes (SOD and GPx)	Khoo et al., 2013
Anti-platelet	Garcinia atroviridis	Whole fruit	Methanol	In Vivo Method Electrical impedance method	Anti-platelet at 100 μg/ml: 72.0 ± 0.03% (ADP)	Jantan et al., 2011
Garcinia hombroniana	Anti-platelet at 100 μg/ml: 50.0 ± 0.1% (AA), 50.0 ± 0.9% (ADP), 41 ± 0.1% (collagen)	Jantan et al., 2011
Garcinia prainiana	Anti-platelet at 100 μg/ml: 36.0 ± 0.1% (AA), 33 ± 0.1% (ADP), 37 ± 0.1% (collagen)	Jantan et al., 2011

Table 3. Biological activities of Malaysian underutilised fruits

Biological Activity

Species

Part

Extract

Experimental Method

Description

Reference

Antioxidant

Artocarpus altilis

Whole fruit, pulp, peel

Hexane, dichloromethane and methanol

DPPH radical scavenging assay
β-carotene linoleic acid model system
Folin-Ciocalteau method
Aluminium chloride colorimetric method

Methanol pulp extract showed the highest scavenging activity (IC₅₀: 55 ± 5.89 μg/ml), β-carotene bleaching (88.34 ± 1.31%) compared to Trolox (90.02 ± 1.51 %), total phenolic content (TPC) (781 ± 52.97 mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/g of dry sample) and total flavonoid content (TFC) (6,213.33 ± 142.22 mg quercetin equivalent (QE)/g)

Jalal et al., 2015

Artocarpus odoratissimus

Pulp, seed

80% methanol

DPPH radical scavenging assay
FRAP assay
Folin-Ciocalteau method
Aluminium chloride colorimetric method
pH differential method

Seed extract showed higher antioxidant activity; TPC (14.67 mg GAE/g) and TFC (3.65 ± 0.04 mg GAE/g). Pulp extract contained higher total antioxidant capacity (11.02 ± 0.38 mg c-3-gE/100g)

Abu Bakar et al., 2009

Averrhoa bilimbi

Whole fruit

Water

Folin-Ciocalteau method
Aluminium chloride colorimetric method
DPPH radical scavenging assay
FRAP assay
β-carotene linoleate bleaching assay

Averrhoa bilimbi L. extract showed higher TPC (41.00 ± 2.75 mg GAE/g) and TFC (23.32 ± 3.50 mg/QE g) than A. bilimbi cv. Averrhoa bilimbi cv. showed higher FRAP (1.76 ± 0.87 mmol TE/g), scavenging activity and β-carotene linoleate bleaching: (87.65 ± 3.12%)

Noor and Noriham, 2014

Pulp

80% methanol

Folin-Ciocalteau method
β-carotene linoleate bleaching assay

TPC: 1,261.63 31.41 mg GAE/100g. Antioxidant activity: 91.89 ± 0.00%

Ikram et al., 2009

Baccaurea angulata

Whole fruit, pulp, peel

Methanol, phosphate buffered saline (PBS)

Folin-Ciocalteau method
Aluminium chloride colorimetric method
Total carotene method
DPPH radical scavenging assay
Linoleic acid peroxidation assay
Phosphatidylcholine peroxidation assay

Methanol pulp extract showed the highest TPC (15,357.77 ± 150.72 μg GAE/g), TFC (37.32 ± 0.55 mg QE/g) and total carotene content (TCC) (6,571.43 ± 185.86 μg beta-carotene equivalent (BC)/100g). Methanol peel extract showed the highest scavenging activity (96.80 ± 0.53%), while methanol whole fruit showed the highest linoleic acid peroxidation (96.60 ± 0.29 %) and phosphatidylcholine peroxidation (78.48 ± 0.85%)

Ahmed et al., 2015

Whole fruit, peel, pulp

Distilled water (juice)

In Vivo Method
Lipid peroxidation assay
Enzymatic antioxidant assays
High cholesterol-induced rabbits

Plasma malon-aldehyde (MDA) levels were highest in cholesterol + peel juice group (671.04 %). Catalase was highest in cholesterol + whole fruit juice group (12.66 %) compared to simvastatin control (9.13 %). TAC was also highest in whole fruit group (309.08 ± 35.59 mM)

Mikail et al., 2015

Whole fruit, pulp, peel

Methanol, PBS

Folin-Ciocalteau method
Aluminium chloride colorimetric method
Total carotene method
DPPH radical scavenging assay
Lipid peroxidation assay

Methanol pulp extract showed the highest TPC (11,308.59 ± 12.54 µg catechin equivalent (CAT)/g crude extracts), TFC (37.32 ± 0.55 mg QE/ g crude extracts) and total carotene content (TCC) (6,571.43 ± 185.86 µg BC/100g crude extracts). Methanol peel extract showed the highest scavenging activity (96.80 ± 0.53%) and methanol whole fruit extract showed the highest LPO (78.48 ± 0.85%)

Ahmed et al., 2013

Whole fruit, peel, berry

80% methanol

DPPH radical scavenging assay
FRAP assay
TEAC/ABTS scavenging assay
Folin-Ciocalteau method
Aluminium chloride colorimetric method
pH differential method

Peel extract exhibited the highest antioxidant properties (p < 0.05); FRAP (50.86 ± 4.24 mm trolox equivalent (TE)/g), DPPH (78.54 ± 2.08 mg ascorbic acid (AA)/100g), TEAC (492.79 ± 53.77 mm TE/100g), TPC (8.62 ± 0.01 mg/g), TFC (19.12 ± 0.11 mg QE/g) and total anthocyanin content (TAC) (0.96 ± 0.19 mg cyanidin-3-glucoside (c-3-g)/100g). Antioxidant activities were significantly correlated (p < 0.05) with TPC and TFC but not to TAC

Jauhari et al., 2013

Baccaurea lanceolata

Pericarp, pulp, seed

80% methanol

Folin-Ciocalteau method
Aluminium chloride colorimetric method
pH differential method
Total carotene method
DPPH radical scavenging assay
ABTS scavenging assay
FRAP assay

Pulp extract showed the highest TPC (4.81 ± 0.14 mg GAE/g dry sample), TFC (4.73 ± 0.27 mg catechin equivalent (CE)/g dry sample), DPPH activity (94.36 ± 0.02 mg ascorbic acid equivalent antioxidant capacity (AEAC)/g dry sample) and FRAP activity (2.81 ± 0.23 mM/g dry sample). Pericarp extract showed the highest TAC (0.50 ± 0.13 (mg c-3-gE/100g dry sample) and TCC (0.75 ± 0.00 mg BCE/g dry sample). Seed showed the highest ABTS activity (3.03 ± 0.11 AEAC/g dry sample)

Abu Bakar et al., 2014

Baccaurea macrocarpa

Pericarp, pulp, seed

80% methanol

Folin-Ciocalteau method
Aluminium chloride colorimetric method
pH differential method
Total carotene method
DPPH radical scavenging assay
ABTS scavenging assay
FRAP assay

Pericarp contained the highest amount of TPC, TFC, TAC and TCC with the values of 60.04 ± 0.53 mg GAE/g, 44.68 ± 0.67 mg CE/g, 1.23 ± 0.20 mg c-3-gE/100g and 0.81 ± 0.14 mg BCE/g. Results from DPPH, ABTS and FRAP assays also showed that pericarp extract displayed the highest antioxidant capacity

Abu Bakar et al., 2014

Pulp

80% methanol

Folin-Ciocalteau method
β-carotene linoleate bleaching assay

TPC: 1,064.68 ± 19.40 mg GAE/100g and antioxidant activity: 76.58 ± 1.56 %

Ikram et al., 2009

Baccaurea motleyana

Pulp (young, mature, ripe)

80 % aqueous methanol

Folin-Ciocalteau method
DPPH radical scavenging assay

TPC and antioxidant activity of young fruit extract were the highest with 97.23 mg/100g and 13.10%, respectively

Kin et al., 2011; Mokhtar et al., 2014

Pulp

80% methanol

Folin-Ciocalteau method
β-carotene linoleate bleaching assay

TPC: 1,160.14 ± 20.56 mg GAE/100g and antioxidant activity: 71.17 ± 5.63 %

Ikram et al., 2009

Baccaurea polyneura

Pulp

80% methanol

β-carotene linoleate bleaching assay
Folin-Ciocalteau method

β-carotene bleaching: 81.98 ± 312%
TPC: 1,064.68 ± 19.40 mg GAE/100g

Ikram et al., 2009

Canarium odontophyllum

Pericarp, peel

80% methanol

In Vitro and In Vivo Method
Cell culture assays
MTT assay
NAD⁺ assay
CD36 ELISA assay
LDL-oxidation method in rats

Peel extract (1.0 mg/ml) showed protective effect against oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation. The extract was not cytotoxic to normal liver cells. IC₅₀ concentration (0.153 mg/ml) is good for inhibition of oxidized LDL binding to CD36 receptor.

Khoo et al., 2014

Pulp, peel, pulp with peel

80% methanol, distilled water

Folin-Ciocalteau method
Aluminium chloride colorimetric method
pH differential method
TCC method
DPPH radical scavenging assay
FRAP assay
ABTS scavenging assay

Methanol pulp extracts showed the highest potential in all tests; TPC (11.96 ± 0.05 mg GAE/g), TFC (10.11 ± 1.54 mg rutin equivalent (RE)/g), TAC (12.75 ± 0.28 c-3-gE/100g), TCC (2.84 ± 0.11 mg BA/100g), DPPH (88.14 ± 1.42%), FRAP (30.52 ± 0.54 mM Fe²⁺/l) and ABTS (46.71 ± 0.98 mg AEAC/g)

Ali Hassan et al., 2013b

Pericarp, peel

80% methanol

DPPH radical scavenging assay
CUPRAC assay

Peel crude extract showed the highest antioxidant capacity; DPPH (60%), CUPRAC (1.75 mM) as compared to pericarp and extract fractions

Khoo et al., 2013

Pulp with peel, peel

Methanol, water

Folin-Ciocalteau method
pH differential method
TEAC assay

Pulp-peel crude extracts had the most significant antioxidant properties compared to the methanolic and water fractions

Khoo et al., 2012a

Pulp with peel, seed

Methanol, ethanol, ethyl acetate, acetone, water

Folin-Ciocalteau method
Aluminium chloride colorimetric method
pH differential method

Methanol peel extracts showed the highest TPC, TFC, TAC and antioxidant activities

Khoo et al., 2012b

Whole fruit (purple, red)

70% ethanol

Folin-Ciocalteau method
Aluminium chloride colorimetric method
pH differential method
TEAC assay
FRAP assay
DPPH radical scavenging assay

Purple fruits had higher TPC (33.21 ± 6.11 mg GAE/g dry weight), TFC (103.92 ± 24.60 mg RE/g dry weight), TE (0.68 ± 0.09 mmol TE/g dry weight) and FRAP (1.74 ± 0.32 mmol Fe²⁺/g dry weight) than red fruits

Chew et al., 2011

Peel, pulp, seed

Hexane:acetone: ethanol (70:15:15)

Beta-carotene bleaching assay
ABTS scavenging assay
DPPH radical scavenging assay
Hemoglobin oxidation assay

Pulp exhibited excellent antioxidant activity coefficient of 2,611 ± 12.7 and the highest DPPH activity (30.5 ± 1%). Peel exhibited highest ABTS activity (84.5 ± 0.9%) and higher than beta carotene (74.6 ± 0.4%). Hemoglobin oxidation was highest in seed fraction (59.7 ± 0.03%)

Prasad et al., 2010

Pulp, peel, pulp with peel, kernel

80% methanol

Folin-Ciocalteau method
Beta-carotene bleaching assay
DPPH radical scavenging assay
FRAP assay

Peel showed the highest TPC (25.68 ± 1.02 mg GAE/g), beta-carotene bleaching (63.23 ± 1.59%), FRAP (1,744 ± 0.32 mM Fe²⁺/g) and DPPH (78.2 ± 0.5%)

Shakirin et al., 2010

Citrus hystrix

Pulp

Water (juice)

Folin-Ciocalteau method
Aluminium chloride colorimetric method
DPPH radical scavenging assay
FRAP assay

TPC: 490.74 ± 1.75 mg GAE/ml
TFC: 22.25 ± 0.20 mg GAE/ml
Scavenging activity: IC₅₀ 35 mg/100 ml
FRAP activity: 89.0 ± 5.88 µmol Fe²⁺/100 ml

Ghafar et al., 2010

Citrus aurantifolia

Pulp

Water (juice)

Folin-Ciocalteau method
Aluminium chloride colorimetric method
DPPH radical scavenging assay
FRAP assay

TPC: 211.70 ± 0.0 mg GAE/ml
TFC: 10.67 ± 0.27 mg GAE/ml
Scavenging activity: IC₅₀ 79 mg/100 ml
FRAP activity: 78 µmol Fe²⁺/100 ml

Ghafar et al., 2010

Citrus microcarpa

Pulp

Water (juice)

Folin-Ciocalteau method
Aluminium chloride colorimetric method
DPPH radical scavenging assay
FRAP assay

TPC: 105.0 ± 3.0 mg GAE/100 ml
TFC: 8.70 ± 0.13 mg GAE/ml
Scavenging activity: IC₅₀ 125 mg/100 ml
FRAP activity: 48.18 ± 3.34 µmol Fe²⁺/100 ml

Ghafar et al., 2010

Cynometra cauliflora

Pulp

80% methanol

β-carotene linoleate bleaching assay
Folin-Ciocalteau method

β-carotene bleaching: 45.95 ± 2.70%
TPC: 1,868.94 ± 11.68 mg GAE/100g

Ikram et al., 2009

Cyphomandra betacea

Pulp, peel

80% methanol, distilled water

Folin-Ciocalteau method
Aluminium chloride colorimetric method
pH differential method
Total carotene method
DPPH free radical scavenging assay
ABTS assay
FRAP assay

Methanol peel extract showed higher FRAP (9.33 ± 0.54 mM Fe²⁺/g) and ABTS activity (40.14 ± 1.76 AEAC/g), while pulp showed higher DPPH activity (31.82 ± 1.29%). TPC and TFC were higher in peel with 4.89 ± 0.04 mg GAE/g and 3.36 ± 0.01 mg RE/g, respectively. TAC and TCC were higher in pulp with 4.15 ± 0.04 mg/100g and 25.13 ± 0.35 mg/100g

Ali Hassan & Abu Bakar, 2013

Dacryodes rostrata

Pulp, peel, seed

50% ethanol

Folin-Ciocalteau method
Aluminium chloride colorimetric method
Phosphomolybdenum method
FRAP assay
DPPH radical scavenging assay

Seed exhibited the highest TPC (1,007.96 mg GAE/g dry weight), TFC (2,550.90 mg QE/g dry weight), scavenging activity, FRAP and phosphomolybdenum analysis over butylated hydroxyl toluene (BHT) and ascorbic acid

Tee et al., 2015

Pulp, peel, seed

70% ethanol

Folin-Ciocalteau method
Aluminium chloride colorimetric method
pH differential method
TEAC assay
FRAP assay
DPPH free radical scavenging assay

Seed extract exhibited the highest potential in all tests except TAC, with TPC (8,211.21–8,629.92 g GAE/100g), TFC (22,210.30–28,022.28 mg RE/100g),
TEAC (51.39–74.59 mmol TE/100g), FRAP (530.05–556.98 mmol Fe²⁺/100g) and DPPH (92.18–92.19%)

Kin et al., 2011

Dimorcarpus longan

Pulp

80% methanol

β-carotene linoleate bleaching assay
Folin-Ciocalteau method

β-carotene bleaching: 52.25 ± 3.12%
TPC: 203.92 ± 14.35 mg GAE/100g

Ikram et al., 2009

Durio kutejensis

Pulp

80% methanol

β-carotene linoleate bleaching assay
Folin-Ciocalteau method

β-carotene bleaching: 54.05 ± 2.07%
TPC: 183.07 ± 6.23 mg GAE/100g

Ikram et al., 2009

Flacourtia jangomas

Pulp

70% ethanol, distilled water

Folin-ciocalteau reagent method
DPPH radical scavenging assay
FRAP assay.
AOAC method

Ethanol extracts gave the highest TPC (2,507.41 mg GAE/100g). DPPH activity was highly correlated with TPC (r = 1.000) and FRAP (r = 0.968). Ascorbic acid content (AAC) was 89.39 mg/100g

Mohamed, 2012

Flacourtia rukam

Pulp

80% methanol

DPPH radical scavenging assay
FRAP assay
Folin-Ciocalteau method

Scavenging activity: 78.09 ± 3.09%
FRAP activity: 2.09 ± 0.13 mM Fe²⁺
TPC: 40.0 ± 0.2 mg GAE/100g

Ikram et al., 2009

Garcinia atroviridis

Fruit with seed, fruit rind (ripe, unripe)

Methanol, water

Folin-Ciocalteau method
Aluminium chloride colorimetric method
ABTS assay
DPPH radical scavenging assay
FRAP assay

Methanol unripe fruit extract showed the highest TPC (10.50 ± 0.39 mg GAE/g), TFC (4.37 ± 0.06 mg QE/g) and aqueous unripe fruit extract had the highest FRAP (17.57 ± 0.26 nmol Fe²⁺/g). Aqueous ripe and unripe fruit rind showed the highest DPPH (EC₅₀: 943.08 ± 11.46 μg/ml) and ABTS (148.69 ± 4.54 μg/ml), respectively

Al-Mansoub et al., 2014

Whole fruit

Methanol

Folin-Ciocalteau method
TBARS Assay

TPC: 4.4 ± 1.7 mg GAE/g
LDL oxidation: 53.0 ± 0.5% at 1,000 μg/ml

Jantan et al., 2011

Pulp

80% methanol

β-carotene linoleate bleaching assay
Folin-Ciocalteau method

β-carotene bleaching: 72.97 ± 2.70%
TPC: 68.41 ± 0.95 mg GAE/100g

Ikram et al., 2009

Garcinia hombroniana

Whole fruit

Methanol

Folin-Ciocalteu method
TBARS Assay

TPC: 20.7 ± 3.8 mg GAE/g
LDL oxidation at 1,000 μg/ml: 86.0 ± 7.1%

Jantan et al., 2011

Garcinia parvifolia

Pulp, peel

80% methanol, distilled water

Folin-Ciocalteau method
Aluminium chloride colorimetric method
pH differential method
TCC method
DPPH radical scavenging assay
FRAP assay
ABTS assay

Methanol pulp extract had the highest antioxidant properties; TPC: 7.2 ± 0.3 mg GAE/g, TFC: 5.9 ± 0.1 mg RE/g, DPPH: 85.4 ± 1.3%, FRAP: 16.6 ± 3.8 mM Fe²⁺/g and ABTS: 32.7 ± 8.5 mg AEAC/g. Peel showed the highest TAC: 4.4 ± 0.2 mg c-3-gE/100g and TCC: 17.0 ± 0.2 mg BC/100g

Ali Hassan et al., 2013c

Pulp

80% methanol

β-carotene linoleate bleaching assay
Folin-Ciocalteau method

β-carotene bleaching: 79.28 ± 7.80%
TPC: 95.84 ± 3.43 mg GAE/100g

Ikram et al., 2009

Garcinia prainiana

Whole fruit
Pulp

Methanol
80% methanol

Folin-Ciocalteau method
TBARS Assay
β-carotene linoleate bleaching assay
Folin-Ciocalteau method

TPC: 33.6 ± 6.0 mg GAE/g
LDL oxidation at 1,000 μg/ml: 69.5 ± 0.7%
β-carotene bleaching: 91.90 ± 0.00%
TPC: 1,868.94 ± 11.68 mg GAE/100g

Jantan et al., 2011
Ikram et al., 2009

Gnetum gnemon

Seed

Ethanol, water

Folin-Ciocalteau method
Aluminium chloride colorimetric method
FRAP assay
DPPH radical scavenging assay

Ethanol extract showed higher antioxidant properties except for FRAP assay. TPC: (15.1 ± 2.19 mg GAE/100g), tannins (35.6 ± 3.81 mg CE/100g), TFC (709 ± 79.9 mg CE/100g) and scavenging activity (48.9 ± 38.9%)

Bhat and Yahya, 2014

Lepisanthes rubiginosa

Pulp

80% methanol

β-carotene linoleate bleaching assay
Folin-Ciocalteau method

β-carotene bleaching ranged from 54.05 ± 2.70 to 50.45 ± 5.63%.
TPC ranged from 1,110.21 ± 38.99 to 1,308.26 ± 79.94 mg GAE/100g

Ikram et al., 2009

Litsea garciae

Pulp, cap, seed

80% ethanol

Folin-Ciocalteau method
Aluminium chloride colorimetric method
DPPH radical scavenging assay
ORAC scavenging assay

Freeze-dried seed extract showed the highest TPC (3,405.09 mg GAE/100g), TFC (534.94 mg RE/100g), DPPH (IC₅₀: 0.22 mg/ml) and ORAC (120,675 μmol TE/100g). Other fruit extracts had higher TPC and TFC when superheated steam dried

Husen, 2015

Pulp, stem cap, seed

50% methanol, distilled water

DPPH radical scavenging assay
FRAP assay
ABTS scavenging assay
Folin-Ciocalteau method
Aluminium chloride colorimetric method
pH differential method

Methanol extracts of stem cap displayed the highest antioxidant; DPPH (IC₅₀: 16.7 ± 0.6 µg/ ml), FRAP (2,050.0 ± 28.5 μM Fe²⁺/g) and ABTS (25.05 ± 1.7 mg AEAC/g). The extract also showed the highest TPC (08.29 ± 0.70 mg GAE/g) and TFC (6.90 ± 0.61 mg RE/g)

Ali Hassan et al., 2013a

Mangifera caesia

Pulp

70% methanol

DPPH radical scavenging assay
Folin-Ciocalteau method
Aluminium chloride colorimetric method
AOAC method

IC₅₀ : 8.14 ± 0.17 mg/ml, TPC: 2,637.35 ± 178.92 mg/100g, TFC 550.67 ± 19.78 mg/100g and AAC 270.22 ± 12.79 mg/100g

Mirfat et al., 2015

Pulp (mature-green, ripe)

Water

AOAC method
Folin-Ciocalteau method
Metal chelating
FRAP assay
DPPH radical scavenging assay

Mature-green extract showed higher AAC (142.41 ± 2.98 µg AAE/g), TPC (122.82 ± 2.45 µg GAE/g), scavenging activity (303.71 ± 21.11 μg TE/g), FRAP activity (868.29 ± 2.71 μg TE/g) and metal chelating (6.09 ± .2.21%)

Sulaiman and Ooi, 2012

Mangifera foetida

Pulp

70% methanol

DPPH radical scavenging assay
Folin-Ciocalteau method
Aluminium chloride colorimetric method
AOAC method

IC₅₀ : 43.22 ± 0.29 mg/ml, TPC: 2,917.92 ± 155.35 mg/100g, TFC 282.88 ± 71.75 mg/100g and AAC 122.13 ± 32.84 mg/100g

Mirfat et al., 2015

Pulp (mature-green, ripe)

Water

AOAC method
Folin-Ciocalteau method
Metal chelating
FRAP assay
DPPH radical scavenging assay

Ripe extract showed higher TPC (72.91 ± 0.44 µg GAE/g), scavenging activity (291.48 ± 25.21 μg TE/g) and FRAP activity (101.79 ± 3.84 μg TE/g)

Sulaiman and Ooi, 2012

Mangifera laurina

Pulp

70% methanol

DPPH radical scavenging assay
Folin-Ciocalteau method
Aluminium chloride colorimetric method
AOAC method

IC₅₀ : 13.32 ± 0.11 mg/ml, TPC: 144.33 ± 23.88 mg/100g, TFC 176.71 ± 25.78 mg/100g and AAC 135.74 ± 30.33 mg/100g

Mirfat et al., 2015

Mangifera longipetiolata

Pulp

70% methanol

DPPH radical scavenging assay
Folin-Ciocalteau method
Aluminium chloride colorimetric method
AOAC method

IC₅₀ : 8.33 ± 0.08 mg/ml, TPC: 263.31 ± 35.53 mg/100g, TFC 129.11 ± 56.39 mg/100g and AAC 322.75 ± 32.55 mg/100g

Mirfat et al., 2015

Mangifera odorata

Pulp

70% methanol

DPPH radical scavenging assay
Folin-Ciocalteau method
Aluminium chloride colorimetric method
AOAC method

IC₅₀ : 20.16 ± 1.31 mg/ml, TPC: 257.17 ± 27.72 mg/100g, TFC 202.33 ± 32.19 mg/100g and AAC 47.32 ± 9.73 mg/100g

Mirfat et al., 2015

Pulp (mature-green, ripe)

Water

AOAC method
Folin-Ciocalteau method
Metal chelating
FRAP assay
DPPH radical scavenging assay

Ripe extract showed higher TPC (42.10 ± 3.27 µg GAE/g), scavenging activity (114.74 ± 3.56 μg TE/g) and metal chelating (48.88 ± 0.61%)

Sulaiman and Ooi, 2012

Pulp

80% methanol

DPPH radical scavenging assay
FRAP assay
Folin-Ciocalteau method

Scavenging activity: 45.68 ± 11.09%
FRAP activity: 0.28 ± 0.10 mM Fe²⁺
TPC: 8.0 ± 0.0 mg GAE/100g

Ikram et al., 2009

Mangifera pajang

Kernel

Petroleum ether, chloroform, ethyl acetate and methanol

DPPH radical scavenging assay

Ethyl acetate and methanol kernel extracts showed strong radical scavenging activity with IC₅₀ values of 7.28 ± 0.30 and 8.84 ± 1.04 μg/ml

Ahmad et al., 2015

Peel

Water (juice)

In Vivo Method
Enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants and plasma antioxidant status in humans

Plasma total antioxidant status, plasma β-carotene and ascorbic acid were increased by 18, 45 and 28% compared to baseline level and placebo, but liver and kidney functions were unaffected

Ibrahim et al., 2013

Pulp, kernel, peel

80% methanol

DPPH radical scavenging assay
FRAP assay
Folin-Ciocalteau method
Aluminium chloride colorimetric method
pH differential method

Kernel extract displayed the highest DPPH activity (23.23 mg AEAC/g), FRAP activity (3,130.00 ± 35.47 μM Fe²⁺/g), TPC (103.30 ± 0.63.mg GAE/g) and TFC (10.98 ± 0.16 mg GAE/g)

Abu Bakar et al., 2009; Abu Bakar et al., 2011

Peel

Methanol

DPPH radical scavenging assay
FRAP assay
Folin-Ciocalteau method

TPC: 9.8 ± 0.12 mg GAE/g
Scavenging activity: 44.5 ± 0.24 μg/ml
FRAP activity: 1,248 μg/ml higher than ascorbic acid (1,318 μg/ml)

Hassan et al., 2011

Pulp

70% methanol

DPPH radical scavenging assay
Folin-Ciocalteau method
Aluminium chloride colorimetric method
AOAC method

IC₅₀ : 37.94 ± 1.29 mg/ml, TPC: 7,055.65 ± 101.89 mg/100g, TFC 256.42 ± 17.52 mg/100g and AAC 403.21 ± 46.83 mg/100g

Mirfat et al., 2015

Pulp

80% methanol

β-carotene linoleate bleaching assay
Folin-Ciocalteau method

β-carotene bleaching ranged from 68.47 ± 1.56 to 48.65 ± 2.70%
TPC ranged from 221.47 ± 10.71 to 339.97 ± 20.58 mg GAE/100g

Ikram et al., 2009

Mangifera pentandra

Pulp

70% methanol

DPPH radical scavenging assay
Folin-Ciocalteau method
Aluminium chloride colorimetric method
AOAC method

IC₅₀ : 13.27 ± 0.81 mg/ml, TPC: 676.24 ± 40.13 mg/100g, TFC 118.82 ± 24.83 mg/100g and AAC 400.94 ± 71.74 mg/100g

Mirfat et al., 2015

Pulp (mature-green, ripe)

Water

AOAC method
Folin-Ciocalteau method
Metal chelating
FRAP assay
DPPH radical scavenging assay

Ripe extract showed higher AAC (175.07 ± 4.89 µg AAE/g), scavenging activity (100.46 ± 2.27 μg TE/g), FRAP activity (80.47 ± 2.08 μg TE/g) and metal chelating (88.94 ± 1.43%)

Sulaiman and Ooi, 2012

Mangifera quadrifida

Pulp (mature-green, ripe)

Water

AOAC method
Folin-Ciocalteau method
Metal chelating
FRAP assay
DPPH radical scavenging assay

Mature-green extract showed higher AAC (123.51 ± 7.88 µg AAE/g), TPC (51.88 ± 1.00 µg GAE/g), scavenging activity (200.58 ± 13.75 μg TE/g) and FRAP activity (78.82 ± 7.86 μg TE/g)

Sulaiman and Ooi, 2012

Nephelium malaiense

Pulp

80% methanol

β-carotene linoleate bleaching assay
Folin-Ciocalteau method

β-carotene bleaching: 97.30 ± 0.00%
TPC: 894.61 ± 81.19 mg GAE/100g

Ikram et al., 2009

Nephelium ramboutan-ake

Pulp

80% methanol

β-carotene linoleate bleaching assay
Folin-Ciocalteau method

β-carotene bleaching: 72.07 ± 4.13%
TPC: 240.67 ± 18.50 mg GAE/100g

Ikram et al., 2009

Nypa fruticans

Endosperm (ripe and unripe)

50% ethanol

Folin-Ciocalteau method
Aluminium chloride colorimetric method
ABTS assay
FRAP assay
DPPH radical scavenging assay
Phosphomolybdenum method

Unripe extract exhibited the highest TPC (135.6 ± 4.5 mg GAE/g), TFC (68.6 ± 3.1 RE/g) and antioxidant capacity; ABTS activity (78 ± 1.2%), DPPH activity (85 ± 2.6%), antioxidant excellent coefficient (2,550 ± 123), phosphomolybdenum activity (0.9) and FRAP activity (819 ± 4.3 mmol Fe²⁺/100g)

Prasad et al., 2013

Pandanus tectorius

Keys, core

Hexane, ethyl acetate, methanol

DPPH radical scavenging assay
Folin-Ciocalteau method

Ethyl acetate core extract showed the highest antioxidant capacity (IC₅₀: 0.8 ± 0.20 mg/ml) and TPC (180 µ GAE/g).

Andriani et al., 2015

Parkia speciosa

Empty pod

Water, 95% ethanol

Thiocyanate method
Superoxide radical scavenging assay
DPPH radical scavenging assay
ABTS radical scavenging assay
Metal chelating
FRAP assay
Folin-Ciocalteau method
Aluminium chloride colorimetric method

Ethanol extract showed stronger antioxidant activities with IC₅₀: DPPH (64.2 ± 3.46 µg/ml), ABTS radical scavenging (19.6 ± 0.44), anti-lipid peroxidation (5.02 ± 1.06), metal chelating (319 ± 26.3) and reducing power (274 ± 16.1) and contained higher TPC and TFC

Ko et al., 2014

Phyllanthus emblica

Pulp

80% methanol

β-carotene linoleate bleaching assay
Folin-Ciocalteau method

β-carotene bleaching: 81.98 ± 5.63%
TPC: 2,664.97 ± 115.40 mg GAE/100g

Ikram et al., 2009

Pometia sp

Pulp

80% methanol

β-carotene linoleate bleaching assay
Folin-Ciocalteau method

β-carotene bleaching: 97.30 ± 0.00%
TPC: 894.61 ± 81.19 mg GAE/100g

Ikram et al., 2009

Pouteria campechiana

Seed, pulp, peel

Distilled water, 70% methanol, 70% ethanol

ABTS assay
FRAP assay
DPPH radical scavenging assay
Folin-Ciocalteau method
Aluminium chloride colorimetric method

Antioxidant activities of ethanolic and methanolic extracts did not differ significantly. 70% ethanol showed the highest TPC and TFC for all the fruit parts. Seed contained the highest TPC (2,304.7 mg GAE/100g), pulp contained the highest TFC (6,414 mg RE/g)

Kong et al., 2013

Pulp

80% methanol

DPPH radical scavenging assay
FRAP assay
Folin-Ciocalteau method

Scavenging activity: 73.32 ± 0.72%
FRAP activity: 0.43 ± 0.09 mM Fe²⁺
TPC: 21.0 ± 0.1 mg GAE/100g

Ikram et al., 2009

Rubus moluccanus

Whole fruit

80% methanol

Folin-Ciocalteau method
Aluminium chloride colorimetric method
pH differential method
Total carotene method
DPPH radical scavenging assay
FRAP assay
ABTS scavenging assay

TPC: 20.76 ± 0.24 mg GAE/g, TFC: 18.17 ± 0.20 mg CE/g, TAC: 36.96 ± 0.39 mg c-3-gE/g, TCC: 9.69 ± 0.58 mg BC/g
Scavenging activity: 38.00 ± 1.63 µg/ml
FRAP activity: 0.73 ± 0.03 mM Fe²⁺/g
ABTS activity: 50.37 ± 5.28 mg AEAC/g

Abu Bakar et al., 2016

Rubus fraxinifolius

TPC: 11.09 ± 0.10 mg GAE/g, TFC: 5.82 ± 0.02 mg CE/g, TAC: 23.82 ± 0.77 mg c-3-gE/g, TCC: 10.49 ± 1.01 mg BC/g
Scavenging activity: 86.00 ± 3.65 µg/ml
FRAP activity: 0.75 ± 0.03 mM Fe²⁺/g
ABTS activity: 26.34 ± 4.79 mg AEAC/g

Abu Bakar et al., 2016

Rubus alpestris

TPC: 24.25 ± 0.12 mg GAE/g, TFC: 8.88 ± 0.53 mg CE/g, TAC: 33.62 ± 1.39 mg c-3-gE/g, TCC: 21.86 ± 0.63 mg BC/g
Scavenging activity: 29.00 ± 3.07 µg/ml
FRAP activity: 0.79 ± 0.05 mM Fe²⁺/g
ABTS activity: 70.93 ± 6.26 mg AEAC/g

Abu Bakar et al., 2016

Salacca conferta

Pulp

80% methanol

β-carotene linoleate bleaching assay
Folin-Ciocalteau method

β-carotene bleaching: 84.68 ± 8.69%
TPC: 1,455.29 ± 62.14 mg GAE/100g

Ikram et al., 2009

Sandoricum macropodum

Pulp

80% methanol

β-carotene linoleate bleaching assay
Folin-Ciocalteau method

β-carotene bleaching: 74.77 ± 3.12%
TPC: 3,185.05 ± 59.00 mg GAE/100g

Ikram et al., 2009

Syzygium jambos

Pulp

Hexane

β-carotene linoleate bleaching assay
Folin-Ciocalteau method
TCC

β-carotene bleaching: 90.09 ± 3.12%
TPC: 555.57 ± 28.33 mg GAE/100g edible portion
TCC: 1.41 mg/100g

Ikram et al., 2009; Khoo et al., 2008

Syzigium malaccense

Pulp

Hexane

FRAP assay
DPPH radical scavenging assay
Folin-Ciocalteau method
Total carotene content

FRAP activity: 0.22 ± 0.03 mM Fe²⁺
Scavenging activity: 17.01 ± 0.32%
TPC: 6.0 ± 0.0 mg GAE/100g
TCC: 3.35 mg/100g

Ikram et al., 2009;Khoo et al., 2008

Ziziphus mauritiania

Pulp

80% methanol

FRAP assay
DPPH radical scavenging assay
β-carotene linoleate bleaching assay
Folin-Ciocalteau method

FRAP activity: 0.46 ± 0.07 mM Fe²⁺
Scavenging activity: 74.96 ± 0.44%
β-carotene bleaching: 57.66 ± 8.26%
TPC: 1,321.98 ± 4.14 mg GAE/100g

Ikram et al., 2009

Antimicrobial

Artocarpus altilis

Whole fruit, pulp, peel

Hexane, dichloromethane, methanol

Disc diffusion method
Microdilution method

Methanol pulp extract showed the highest zone of inhibition (14.83 ± 0.28 to 20.50 ± 0.76 mm) against all Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria tested. MIC and MBC/MFC for the extracts ranged from 4,000 to 63 μg/ml. MBC/MFC values varied from 250 to 4,000 μg/ml

Jalal et al., 2015

Averhhoa bilimbi

Whole fruit

Water (juice)

Disc diffusion method

Fruit juice significantly (p < 0.05) reduced aerobic bacteria (APC) (0.40–0.70 log cfu/g), Listeria monocytogenes (0.84–1.58 log cfu/g) and Salmonella typhimurium (1.03–2.00 log cfu/g)

Wan Norhana et al., 2009

Baccaurea angulata

Whole fruit, peel, berry

Methanol, ethanol, water

Agar well diffusion method
Microdilution method

Ethanol peel extract had the highest antimicrobial activity (37 ± 1.0 mm) against Streptococcus pneumoniae at concentration of 1,000 µg/ml. Klebsiella pneumoniae showed the highest bacteriostatic and bactericidal activity

Momand, 2014

Canarium odontophyllum

Pulp

Methanol, acetone, hexane, distilled water

Agar well diffusion method

All extracts were not active against the bacteria, acetone extract displayed moderate activity against Candida glabrata (8.0 ± 0.00 mm) and hexane extract was active against C. glabrata only at 100 mg/ml

Basri et al., 2014a

Seed

Ethyl acetate, acetone, methanol

Agar well diffusion method

Ethyl acetate extract was active against Bacillus cereus with inhibition zone ranging from 9.6 ± 0.1 to 14.6 ± 0.1 mm, whereas the acetone extract inhibited Proteus mirabilis and Acinetobacter baumannii at 9.6 ± 0.0 to 14.0 ± 0.0 mm and 7.0 ± 0.1 to 13.0 ± 0.1 mm, respectively. MIC and MBC values of ethyl acetate and acetone extract were the same against B. cereus and A. baumannii at 6.25 mg/ml and 1.563 mg/ml, respectively

Basri et al., 2014b

Garcinia parvifolia

Whole fruit

Well diffusion method

Isolate 56 GP from fruit part identified as Fusarium equiseti possessed the most antibacterial activities against Staphylococcus aureus (9 mm), Agromyces lapidis (6 mm), Listeria monocytogenes (7 mm), Bacillus megaterium (5 mm) and B. subtilis (5 mm)

Sim et al., 2010

Mangifera pajang

Kernel

Petroleum ether, chloroform, ethyl acetate, methanol

Disc diffusion method

All extracts showed no significant inhibition activity towards methicillin resistant S. aureus MRSA, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella choleraesuis and B. subtilis. Only isolated compound methyl gallate demonstrated strong antibacterial activity towards MRSA (21.5 mm).
None of extracts and isolated compounds showed activity against Candida albican, Aspergillus ochraceaus and Sacchoromyces cerevisiae

Ahmad et al., 2015

Pandanus tectorius

Keys, core

Hexane, ethyl acetate, methanol

Disc diffusion method

Ethyl acetate keys extract demonstrated the highest activity against Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, S. aureus and B. subtilis with the range of inhibition zone of 10–15 mm

Andriani et al., 2015

Rubus moluccanus

Whole fruit

80% methanol

Disc diffusion method

Effective against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Mild inhibition towards B. subtilis, S. aureus, E. coli and Salmonella enteritidis

Abu Bakar et al., 2016

Rubus fraxinifolius

No inhibition towards B. subtilis

Abu Bakar et al., 2016

Rubus alpestris

The highest activity against S. enteritidis (8.50 ± 1.80 mm) followed by B. subtilis (7.83 ± 1.26 mm)

Abu Bakar et al., 2016

Anti-cholinesterase

Canarium odontophyllum

Pulp+peel, seed

80% methanol, distilled water

Anti-cholinesterase inhibition assay

Only 80% methanol extracts displayed anti-cholinesterase activity when tested at 0-100 µg/ml. Activity was highest in the seed (22.4%)

Ali Hassan, 2013b

Cyphomandra betacea

Pulp, peel

80% methanol, distilled water

Anti-cholinesterase inhibition assay

Only 80% methanol extracts displayed anti-cholinesterase activity when tested at 50–250 µg/ml. Activity was highest in the peel

Ali Hassan and Abu Bakar, 2013

Garcinia parvifolia

Pulp, peel

80% methanol, distilled water

Anti-cholinesterase inhibition assay

Only 80% methanol extracts displayed anti-cholinesterase activity when tested at 50–250 µg/ml. Activity was highest in the pulp (14.3%). The activity was much smaller than positive control, galanthamine

Ali Hassan et al., 2013c

Rubus moluccanus

Whole fruit

80% methanol

Anti-cholinesterase inhibition assay

The highest activity was 26.42 ± 1.41%. Donepenzil (positive control) showed complete acetylcholinesterase inhibition activity (100%)

Abu Bakar et al., 2016

Rubus fraxinifolius

The highest activity was 23.06 ± 1.12%. Donepenzil (positive control) showed complete acetylcholinesterase inhibition activity (100%)

Abu Bakar et al., 2016

Rubus alpestris

The highest activity was 25.30 ± 1.56%. Donepenzil (positive control) showed complete acetylcholinesterase inhibition activity (100%)

Abu Bakar et al., 2016

Cytotoxicity

Artocarpus odoratissimus

Peel, seed

Ethanol

MTT assay

No cytotoxic activity shown by all extracts in the cancer cell lines tested; human liver cancer cell (HepG2), human colon cancer cell (HT-29) and human ovarian cancer cell (Caov3)

Abu Bakar et al., 2010

Cynometra cauliflora

Whole fruit

Methanol

MTT assay

Extract was very cytotoxic towards human promyelocytic leukemia HL-60 cells (CD₅₀ 0.9 µg/ml) and inhibited the cells into apoptotic cell death mode. However, it was less cytotoxic towards normal mouse fibroblast cell line 3T3/NIH cells

Tajudin et al., 2012

Garcinia dulcis

Peel, pulp, seed

80% methanol

MTT assay
Cell cycle analysis
Caspase-3 colorimetric assay

Seed extract induced the lowest cytotoxicity against human liver HepG2 cancer cell line with IC₅₀ value of 7.5 ± 2.52 µg/ml. Pulp extract induced cell cycle arrest at sub- G1 (apoptosis) phase. The cell population underwent apoptosis after exposure of the HepG2 cell line to pulp extract. Caspase-3 was activated which led to the death of HepG2 cell

Abu Bakar et al., 2015

Mangifera pajang

Kernel

Petroleum ether, chloroform, ethyl acetate, methanol

MTT assay

Ethyl acetate and methanol extracts showed strong cytotoxic activity towards MCF-7 (human breast) and HeLa (human cervical) cancer cell lines with IC₅₀ values less than 10 μg/ml, and displayed strong to moderate activities towards HT-29 (human colon cancer)

Ahmad et al., 2015

Kernel, peel, pulp

Ethanol

MTT assay

Kernel extract induced strong cytotoxic activity against human liver (HepG2), colon (HT-29), ovary (Caov3), and breast (MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231) cancer cell lines tested, especially MCF-7 (IC₅₀ 23.0 mg/ml) and MDA-MB-231 (IC₅₀ 30.5 mg/ml)

Abu Bakar et al., 2011

Kernel

Ethanol

Flow cytometric analysis
Caspase colorimetric protease assay

For MCF-7 cells, a significant arrest at G0/G1 was observed at 24 h treatment. Proportion of cells undergoing apoptosis increased significantly up to 30.7% and 51.8% compared to controls (2.9% and 5.2%). For MDA-MB-231, the proportion of cells in the G2-M phase increased significantly following 24 and 48 h. Apoptosis was dependent on caspase-2 and -3 in MCF-7 cells, and on caspase-2, -3 and -9 in MDA-MB-231 cells.

Abu Bakar et al., 2010

Kernel, peel, pulp

Ethanol

MTT assay

Kernel and peel extracts displayed cytotoxic activity in HepG2 and Caov3 with IC₅₀ values ranging from 34.5 to 92.0 mg/ml. Kernel extract inhibited the proliferation of colon cancer cell line with IC₅₀ 63.0 mg/ml

Abu Bakar et al., 2010

Pandanus tectorius

Keys, core

Hexane, ethyl acetate, methanol

MTT assay

Keys and core extracts were no cytotoxic against normal (L-6 and RAW) and cancer (MCF-7, HeLa, and HepG2) cell lines. IC₅₀ values of all extracts towards RAW were more than 30 µg/ml

Andriani et al., 2015

Cytoprotective

Baccaurea angulata

Whole fruit, peel, pulp

Distilled water

In Vivo Method
Lipid peroxidation assay
Enzymatic antioxidant assays
High cholesterol-induced rabbits

MDA levels were highest in cholesterol + peel juice group (671.04 %). Catalase was highest in cholesterol + whole fruit juice group (12.66 %) compared to simvastatin control (9.13 %). TAC was also highest in whole fruit group (309.08 ± 35.59 mM)

Mikail et al., 2015

Canarium odontophyllum

Pericarp, peel

80% methanol

In Vitro & In Vivo Method
Cell culture assays
MTT assay
NAD⁺ assay
CD36 ELISA assay
LDL-oxidation method in rats

Peel extract (1.0 mg/ml) showed protective effect against oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation. The extract was not cytotoxic to normal liver cell. IC₅₀ concentration (0.153 mg/ml)

Khoo et al., 2014

Pulp

Chloroform-methanol

In Vivo Method
Rabbit fed oil

Pulp oil increased high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-C, reduced low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-C, triglycerides, TBARS levels with enhancement of SOD, GPx, and plasma total antixodant status (TAS) levels. Kernel oil increased SOD and TAS levels

Shakirin et al., 2012a

Mangifera pajang

Pulp, kernel, peel

Ethanol

Cell culture

Kernel extract and quercetin showed cytoprotective activity in HepG2 cells, with EC₅₀ values of 1.2 and 5.3 µg/ml, respectively

Abu Bakar et al., 2013

Anti-atheroschlerotic

Baccaurea angulata

Fruit

Water (juice)

In Vivo Method
Cholesterol-induced rabbits

Juice reduced plaque formation in rabbits’ aorta. In the high-cholesterol diet (group CH), high cholesterol diet with juice treatments (C1, C2 and C3) and standard chow diet (group N), 96, 55, 49, 22 and 0%, respectively, of the entire aorta were covered with plaque

Mikail et al., 2014

Canarium odontophyllum

Pulp

Oil

In Vivo Method
Cholesterol-induced rabbits

Hypercholesterolemic diet + 5% defatted pulp (HD) group exhibited the greatest reduction in atherosclerotic plaque formation by nearly 80%, induced by a significant reduction in total cholesterol (96.3%) and LDL-c (26.5%) and lipid peroxidation levels

Nurulhuda et al., 2013

Pulp, kernel

Chloroform, methanol

In Vivo Method
Cholesterol-induced rabbits

HD group (treated with defatted pulp) exhibited the greatest reduction in atherosclerotic plaque formation by nearly 80%

Shakirin et al., 2012b

Anti-hyperlipidemia

Garcinia atroviridis

Whole fruit, fruit rind

Methanol, distilled water

In Vivo Method Poloxamer 407-induced acute hyperlipidemic rats

Aqueous extract of ripe fruit showed the highest antihyperlipidemic activity, compared to atorvastatin. It significantly reduced the total cholesterol (P < 0.05), triglycerides (P < 0.01), low-density lipoprotein (P < 0.01), very-low-density lipoprotein (P < 0.01) and atherogenic index (P < 0.01)

Al-Mansoub et al., 2014

Antidiabetic

Canarium odontophyllum

Pulp with peel

Ethanol

In Vivo Method Obese-diabetic-induced rats

Extract at a concentration of 600 mg/kg body weight reduced the plasma glucose level by 30%. The result was strongly correlated with the reduction of plasma glucose at 60 to 90 min in the OGTT and a lower AUC value

Mokiran et al., 2014

Cardioprotective

Canarium odontophyllum

Peel, pericarp

53% methanol, 80% methanol

In Vivo Method Hypercholesterolemic-induced rabbits

Defatted peel had the highest amount of anthocyanin C3G (55.12 ± 0.82 mg/g). C3G-rich extract inhibited MDA production in the hypercholesterolemic rabbits and elevated cellular antioxidant enzymes (SOD and GPx)

Khoo et al., 2013

Anti-platelet

Garcinia atroviridis

Whole fruit

Methanol

In Vivo Method Electrical impedance method

Anti-platelet at 100 μg/ml: 72.0 ± 0.03% (ADP)

Jantan et al., 2011

Garcinia hombroniana

Anti-platelet at 100 μg/ml: 50.0 ± 0.1% (AA), 50.0 ± 0.9% (ADP), 41 ± 0.1% (collagen)

Jantan et al., 2011

Garcinia prainiana

Anti-platelet at 100 μg/ml: 36.0 ± 0.1% (AA), 33 ± 0.1% (ADP), 37 ± 0.1% (collagen)

Jantan et al., 2011

Table 4. Summary of biological activities and phytochemistry of Malaysian underutilised fruit species

Family

Biological Activity

Phytochemical Identification

Antioxidant

Antimicrobial

Anti-cholinesterase

Cytotoxicity

Cytoprotective

Anti-atherosclerotic

Anti-hyperlipidemia

Antidiabetic

Cardioprotective

Anti-platelet

In vitro

In vivo

In vitro

In vivo

In vitro

In vivo

In vitro

In vivo

In vitro

In vivo

In vitro

In vivo

In vitro

In vivo

In vitro

In vivo

In vitro

In vivo

In vitro

In vivo

Anacardiaceae

√

Arecaceae

√

Bombacaceae

√

Burseraceae

√

Euphorbiaceae

√

Fabaceae

√

Flacourtiaceae

√

Gnetaceae

√

Guttiferae

√

Lauraceae

√

Leguminosae

√

Meliaceae

√

Moraceae

√

Myrtaceae

√

Oxalidaceae

√

Pandanaceae

√

Phyllanthaceae

√

Rhamnaceae

√

Rosaceae

√

Rutaceae

√

Sapotaceae

√

Sapindaceae

√

Solanaceae

√