Figure 1.
Schematic representation of mechanism of action of functional foods and nutraceuticals.
| Journal of Food Bioactives, ISSN 2637-8752 print, 2637-8779 online |
| Journal website www.isnff-jfb.com |
Review
Volume 2, Number , June 2018, pages 16-27
Popular functional foods and nutraceuticals with lipid lowering activity and in relation to cardiovascular disease, dyslipidemia, and related complications: an overview
Figure
Schematic representation of mechanism of action of functional foods and nutraceuticals.
Table
| Functional Foods and Nutraceuticals | Lipid lowering (cardioprotective) property |
|---|---|
| Plant sterols (sitosterol & campesterol) and stanols (sitostanol & campestanol) | Interfere in micelle formation, inhibit the bile acid reabsorption (diminish the cholesterol pool) |
| Red Yeast Rice (monacolins) | HMG Co-A reductase inhibitor |
| Green tea catechins (EGCG) | HMG Co-A reductase inhibitor, interferes with micelle formation, upregulate the expression of hepatic LDL-R, increase the biliary excretion |
| Turmeric (Curcumin) | Inhibiting NPC1L1 transporter expression, upregulate hepatic LDL-R production |
| Berberine | Natural PCSK-9 inhibitor, upregulate the expression of hepatic LDL-R, interferes with micelle formation |
| Garlic (S-allylcysteine) | HMG Co-A reductase inhibitor, inhibit the activity of ACAT and gastric lipase |
| Spirulina (C-phycocyanin) | Interfere in bile acid reabsorption, enhance hepatic lipase activity |
| Fish oil (DHA and EPA) | Increasing the expression of LPL and fatty acid oxidation enzymes, downregulate the expression of VLDL receptor |
| Soybean (protein/peptide and (isoflavones-equol) | Increase bile acid excretion, downregulate SREBP protein expression |
| Pre- and probiotics (SCFA) | Upregulate the BSH enzyme (decrease bile acid reabsorption), modulate cholesterol synthesis (HMG Co-A reductase inhibitor) |
| Soluble fibers (oat, barley- β-glucan) | Act as bile acid sequestrants, inhibit fatty acid synthesis and upregulate the expression of hepatic LDL-R |