J Food Bioact

Journal of Food Bioactives, ISSN 2637-8752 print, 2637-8779 online

Journal website www.isnff-jfb.com

Original Research

Volume 5, March 2019, pages 136-141

Potential benefits of phenolics from pomegranate pulp and peel in Alzheimer’s disease: antioxidant activity and inhibition of acetylcholinesterase

**Table 1.** Quantification of phenolic compounds (µg g⁻¹) in extracts of pomegranate peel and pulp using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)
	Pulp	Peel
Data represent mean values for each sample ± standard deviation (n = 3). Means followed by different lower case letters within a row show difference between the samples (p < 0.0001). Abbreviations: GAE, gallic acid equivalents; QE, quercetin equivalents.
Phenolic acids
Gallic acid	193.0 ± 11.3b	1,005 ± 8.23a
p-coumaric	6.40 ± 0.24b	23.20 ± 1.16a
Ferulic acid	13.30 ± 0.84b	103.2 ± 1.52a
Flavonoids
Epicatechin	18.55 ± 1.42b	198.4 ± 11.4a
Rutin	8.97 ± 0.69b	144.6 ± 4.09a
Hydrolysable tannins
Punicalagin α	63.0 ± 2.0b	7,500 ± 11.0a
Punicalagin β	66.0 ± 4.0b	6,241 ± 10.0a
Anthocyanins
Cyanidin-3,5-diglucoside	5573 ± 20.8b	23,573 ± 20.8a
Delphinidin 3-glucoside	9430 ± 10.0b	50,640 ± 20.0a
Pelargonidin 3,5-diglucoside	870.0 ± 10.0b	8,053 ± 25.2a
Cyanidin 3-glucoside	756.7 ± 11.5b	22,830 ± 10.0a
Pelargonidin 3-glucoside	870.0 ± 10.0b	8,053 ± 25.2a

Table 1. Quantification of phenolic compounds (µg g⁻¹) in extracts of pomegranate peel and pulp using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)

Pulp

Peel

Data represent mean values for each sample ± standard deviation (n = 3). Means followed by different lower case letters within a row show difference between the samples (p < 0.0001). Abbreviations: GAE, gallic acid equivalents; QE, quercetin equivalents.

Phenolic acids

Gallic acid

193.0 ± 11.3b

1,005 ± 8.23a

p-coumaric

6.40 ± 0.24b

23.20 ± 1.16a

Ferulic acid

13.30 ± 0.84b

103.2 ± 1.52a

Flavonoids

Epicatechin

18.55 ± 1.42b

198.4 ± 11.4a

Rutin

8.97 ± 0.69b

144.6 ± 4.09a

Hydrolysable tannins

Punicalagin α

63.0 ± 2.0b

7,500 ± 11.0a

Punicalagin β

66.0 ± 4.0b

6,241 ± 10.0a

Anthocyanins

Cyanidin-3,5-diglucoside

5573 ± 20.8b

23,573 ± 20.8a

Delphinidin 3-glucoside

9430 ± 10.0b

50,640 ± 20.0a

Pelargonidin 3,5-diglucoside

870.0 ± 10.0b

8,053 ± 25.2a

Cyanidin 3-glucoside

756.7 ± 11.5b

22,830 ± 10.0a

Pelargonidin 3-glucoside

870.0 ± 10.0b

8,053 ± 25.2a

**Table 2.** Radical scavenging activity (µmol TE g⁻¹ DW) of pomegranate peel and pulp extracts by HPLC-DAD-ABTS *on-line*
Sample	Compound
Data represent mean values for each sample ± standard deviation (n = 3). Means followed by different lower case letters within a row show difference between the samples (p < 0.0001). Abbreviations are: TE, trolox equivalents; and DW, dry weight of phenolic extract.
Peel	860.62 ± 20.24^c	545.53 ± 23.17^d	1,129.73 ± 43.90^b	1,324.98 ± 49.59^a
Pulp	124.04 ± 3.28^c	119.59 ± 1.34^c	140.04 ± 2.33^b	299.09 ± 0.86^a

Table 2. Radical scavenging activity (µmol TE g⁻¹ DW) of pomegranate peel and pulp extracts by HPLC-DAD-ABTS on-line

Sample

Compound

gallic acid

epicatechin

punicalagin α

punicalagin β

Data represent mean values for each sample ± standard deviation (n = 3). Means followed by different lower case letters within a row show difference between the samples (p < 0.0001). Abbreviations are: TE, trolox equivalents; and DW, dry weight of phenolic extract.

Peel

860.62 ± 20.24^c

545.53 ± 23.17^d

1,129.73 ± 43.90^b

1,324.98 ± 49.59^a

Pulp

124.04 ± 3.28^c

119.59 ± 1.34^c

140.04 ± 2.33^b

299.09 ± 0.86^a

**Table 3.** Antioxidant activities and reducing power of phenolics of pomegranate pulp and peel^a
	DPPH (µmol TE g⁻¹ DW)	ORAC (µmol TE g⁻¹ DW)	FRAP (µmol Fe²⁺ g−1 DW)
Data represent mean values for each sample ± standard deviation (n = 3). Means followed by different lower case letters within a column show difference between the samples (p < 0.0001). Abbreviations are: TE, trolox equivalents; and DW, dry weight of sample.
Pulp	108.3 ± 5.95^b	323.8 ± 10.3^b	2.47 ± 0.12^b
Peel	2,372 ± 30.5^a	7,423 ± 180^a	56.5 ± 5.90^a

Table 3. Antioxidant activities and reducing power of phenolics of pomegranate pulp and peel^a

DPPH (µmol TE g⁻¹ DW)

ORAC (µmol TE g⁻¹ DW)

FRAP (µmol Fe²⁺ g−1 DW)

Data represent mean values for each sample ± standard deviation (n = 3). Means followed by different lower case letters within a column show difference between the samples (p < 0.0001). Abbreviations are: TE, trolox equivalents; and DW, dry weight of sample.

Pulp

108.3 ± 5.95^b

323.8 ± 10.3^b

2.47 ± 0.12^b

Peel

2,372 ± 30.5^a

7,423 ± 180^a

56.5 ± 5.90^a