Journal of Food Bioactives, ISSN 2637-8752 print, 2637-8779 online
Journal website www.isnff-jfb.com

Original Research

Volume 10, June 2020, pages 77-85


The chemical composition, antioxidant activity, and antiproliferative activity of selected seed flours

Figures

Figure 1.
Figure 1. Total phenolic content (TPC) of seed flour samples (mg GAE/g seed flour). Values marked by different letters are significantly different (P < 0.05).
Figure 2.
Figure 2. ABTS+ scavenging capacities of seed flour samples (µmol TE/g seed flour). Values marked by different letters are significantly different (P < 0.05).
Figure 3.
Figure 3. Relative DPPH scavenging capacities (RDSC) of seed flour samples (µmol TE/g seed flour). Values marked by different letters are significantly different (P < 0.05).
Figure 4.
Figure 4. Cell toxicity in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes for selected seed flour extracts. Different letters within the same day represent significant difference (P < 0.05).
Figure 5.
Figure 5. Antiproliferation of SW480 colon cancer cells treated with seed flour extracts. Different letters within the same day represent significant difference (P < 0.05).

Tables

Table 1. Characterization of chemical compounds present in the broccoli seed flour extract using UHPLC-MS
 
Peak IDtR (min)Chemical FormulaTentatively IdentificationTheoretical [M-H]Experimental [M-H]MS2 IonsReferences
1,2,3Represented the three greatest peaks based on the typical UHPLC chromatogram peak area.
13.62C12H23NO10S3Glucoraphanin isomer436.0406436.0407372.0422, 259.0999Rochfort et al., 2008
23.99C12H23NO10S3Glucoraphanin isomer436.0406436.0408372.0489, 259.1865
34.22C12H23NO10S3Glucoraphanin isomer436.0406436.0400372.0485, 291.1234, 259.1592
49.87C12H23NO9S3Glucoerucin420.0457420.0457340.2986, 275.0135, 259.0399, 242.0890Rochfort et al., 2008
511.61C17H22O10Sinapoylhexose385.1135385.1136223.0611, 205.0510Shao et al., 2014
621.38C34H42O19Disinapoylgentiobiose1753.2242753.2244529.1563, 223.0612Shao et al., 2014
725.89C28H32O141,2-Disinapoylglucoside3591.1714591.1708367.1031, 223.0611, 205.0509Shao et al., 2014
826.86C45 H52 O231,2,2′-Trisinapoylgentiobioside2959.2821959.2809735.1401, 529.1462Velasco et al., 2011

 

Table 2. Characterization of chemical compounds present in the carrot seed flour extract using UHPLC-MS
 
Peak IDtR (min)Chemical FormulaTentatively IdentificationTheoretical [M-H]Experimental [M-H]MS2 IonsReferences
1,2,3Represented the three greatest peaks based on the typical UHPLC chromatogram peak area.
17.60C21H28O14Caffeoyldihexoside503.1401503.1400341.1647, 179.0352,Oszmiański et al., 2018
27.80C21H28O13Cistanoside F487.1452487.1452325.1151, 179.0351Xiao-Long et al., 2019
38.00C22H30O14Lycibarbarphenylpropanoid C517.1557517.1558355.2340, 193.0508Li et al., 2020; Xiao-Long et al., 2019
411.38C27H30O15Kaempferol-3-O-rutinoside isomer593.1506593.1505447.1625, 285.1403Inbaraj et al., 2010
515.17C27H30O15Kaempferol-3-O-rutinoside isomer1593.1506593.1501
616.27C21H20O11Kaempferol-3-O-glucoside isomer3447.0927447.0932285.0400, 284.0326Kelebek, 2016
718.08C27H30O14Apigenin-7-O-β-D-rutinoside577.1557577.1558269.0451, 227.1987Wang et al., 2017
818.95C28H32O15Diosmetin-7-rutinoside607.1663607.1661299.1501Gironés-Vilaplana et al., 2014
919.90C21H20O11Kaempferol-3-O-glucoside isomer447.0927447.0940285.0403Kelebek, 2016
1030.26C15H10O6Luteolin2285.0399285.0402217.1554, 199.0589, 175.0652, 133.0716De la Torre-Carbot et al., 2005

 

Table 3. Characterization of chemical compounds present in the milk thistle seed flour extract using UHPLC-MS
 
Peak IDtR (min)Chemical FormulaTentatively IdentificationTheoretical [M-H]Experimental [M-H]MS2 IonsReferences
1,2,3Represented the three greatest peaks based on the typical UHPLC chromatogram peak area. *CE stands for a chlorogenic acid equivalent. SE stands for a silibinin equivalent.
18.24C16H18O9Chlorogenic acid isomer353.0873353.0875191.0563, 179.0351, 135.0455, 111.0900Willems et al., 2016
210.15C16H18O9Chlorogenic acid isomer353.0873353.0876191.0563, 173.0940, 127.0063, 111.1268
313.90C31H34O165-p-(6-caffeoyl-glucopyranosyl)-coumaroylquinic acid isomer661.1769661.1760499.1453, 337.1499, 173.1541, 163.0531Choe et al., 2019
415.32C31H34O165-p-(6-caffeoyl-glucopyranosyl)-coumaroylquinic acid isomer661.1769661.1764499.1456, 337.1122, 173.0676, 163.1128
515.62C32H36O17Methyl 5-(6-Caffeoyl-glucopyranosyl)-caffeoylquinic acid691.1874691.1886661.1766, 499.1458, 173.0309Choe et al., 2019
617.47C15H12O7Taxifolin303.0505303.0511285.0483, 177.0815, 124.9742Álvarez-Ferná́ndez et al., 2016
722.83C25H22O10Silychristin isomer481.1135481.1141463.1035, 453.1453, 445.1099, 179.0201Shibano et al., 2007
824.74C25H22O10Silychristin isomer481.1135481.1142463.1968, 453.1838, 419.2541, 355.1195, 179.0223
925.33C25H22O10Silychristin isomer2481.1135481.1141463.0804, 453.0892, 355.0830, 178.9522
1026.04C25H22O10Silychristin isomer1481.1135481.1139463.1879, 453.1561, 327.0796, 179.0533
1136.87C25H22O10Silybin A481.1135481.1142463.0794, 453.1011, 355.1670, 300.9895Shibano et al., 2007
1237.35C25H22O10Silybin B481.1135481.1141463.1127, 453.1870, 355.1905, 300.9849
1340.31C25H22O10Isosilybin3481.1135481.1137463.2560, 453.1837, 301.1072, 283.0059Shibano et al., 2007